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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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*Define "epitope:" - Unique determinants found on antigens that are identified by antibodies. - Each epitope are released according to that cell. |
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*B cell (left): Red receptors --> Antibody D - involved in producing antibodies against epitopes. *T cell (right): Blue receptors --> TCR's and Co-Receptors - provide resistance through lysis of infected or abnormal cells. |
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"Clonal Selection" (Part I) A) Lymphoid organs contain many naive B cells that have surface receptors (antibody molecules) with unique specificity. B) Binding of antigen by the appropriate B-cell receptor, and chemical stimulation from a T-cell, trigger B-cell activation. C) B cells undergo cell division to form a clone of activated B cells. |
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Clonal Selection (Part II) D) The activated B cells secrete cytokines that cause B-cell differentiation into plasma (effector) cells and memory B cells. E) Plasma cells secrete into the circulation antibodies that recognize the same epitope originally bound to the B-cell receptors. |
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Primary Antibody Response - This occurs the first time the body encounters a pathogen. (Short and weak). --> IgM = Maroon; > antibody concentration --> IgG = Red; < antibody concentration in serum |
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Secondary Antibody Response - Is powerful and sustained. (Longer and stronger). *This happens with a subsequent infection by the same pathogen. --> IgM = Maroon; > antibody concentration --> IgG = Red; < antibody concentration |
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*How Ig inactivates a virus A) Viral Inhibition: (leads to phagocytosis) - Antibodies react with molecules at the viral surface and prevent the viral attachment to cells. B) Neutralization: - Antibodies called antitoxins combine specifically with toxins, thereby neutralizing them, and prevent toxins attachment to cells. C) Opsonization: - Antibodies (called opsonins) coat bacterial cells, preventing bacterial attachment to cells. |
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D) Agglutination: - Antibodies combine with antigens on the cell surface and bind the cells together or restrict movement. E) Precipitation: - Antibodies combine with dissolved antigens to form lattice-like arrangements that precipitate out of solution. F) Phagocytosis: - The Fc portion on antibodies encourages phagocytosis by forming a bridge between antigen and receptor sites on the phagocyte. |
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*Complements: Proteins produced by liver. *Complement fixation: Can cause inflammation, some proteins can get inserted to cell membrane which causes lysis and osmosis of cell. (Membrane attack complex C) |
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*Membrane Attack Complex A) Antibody molecules attach to the antigens on the pathogen's cell membrane. B) Complement proteins link two antibody molecules together. C) Activated complement proteins attach to the pathogen's membrane in step-by-step sequence, forming a membrane attack complex. D) The attack complex results in pores in the membrane causing cell lysis by water loss. |
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Process of cell-mediated immunity and cytotoxic T-cell action. |
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Humoral Immunity: - TH2 cells initiate cellular response to humoral immunity. |
