Chapter 20. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels And Circulation

Front 1

arteriole

Back 1

(also, resistance vessel) very small artery that leads to a capillary

Front 2

arteriovenous anastomosis

Back 2

short vessel connecting an arteriole directly to a venule and bypassing the capillary beds

Front 3

artery

Back 3

blood vessel that conducts blood away from the heart; may be a conducting or distributing vessel

Front 4

capacitance

Back 4

ability of a vein to distend and store blood

Front 5

capacitance vessels

Back 5

veins

Front 6

capillary

Back 6

smallest of blood vessels where physical exchange occurs between the blood and tissue cells surrounded by interstitial fluid

Front 7

capillary bed

Back 7

network of 10–100 capillaries connecting arterioles to venules

Front 8

continuous capillary

Back 8

most common type of capillary, found in virtually all tissues except epithelia and cartilage; contains very small gaps in the endothelial lining that permit exchange

Front 9

elastic artery

Back 9

(also, conducting artery) artery with abundant elastic fibers located closer to the heart, which maintains the pressure gradient and conducts blood to smaller branches

Front 10

external elastic membrane

Back 10

membrane composed of elastic fibers that separates the tunica media from the tunica externa; seen in larger arteries

Front 11

fenestrated capillary

Back 11

type of capillary with pores or fenestrations in the endothelium that allow for rapid passage of certain small materials

Front 12

internal elastic membrane

Back 12

membrane composed of elastic fibers that separates the tunica intima from the tunica media; seen in larger arteries

Front 13

lumen

Back 13

interior of a tubular structure such as a blood vessel or a portion of the alimentary canal through which blood, chyme, or other substances travel

Front 14

met arteriole

Back 14

short vessel arising from a terminal arteriole that branches to supply a capillary bed

Front 15

microcirculation

Back 15

blood flow through the capillaries

Front 16

muscular artery

Back 16

(also, distributing artery) artery with abundant smooth muscle in the tunica media that branches to distribute blood to the arteriole network

Front 17

nervi vasorum

Back 17

small nerve fibers found in arteries and veins that trigger contraction of the smooth muscle in their walls

Front 18

perfusion

Back 18

distribution of blood into the capillaries so the tissues can be supplied

Front 19

pre capillary sphincters

Back 19

circular rings of smooth muscle that surround the entrance to a capillary and regulate blood flow into that capillary

Front 20

sinusoid capillary

Back 20

rarest type of capillary, which has extremely large intercellular gaps in the basement membrane in addition to clefts and fenestrations; found in areas such as the bone marrow and liver where passage of large molecules occurs

Front 21

thoroughfare channel

Back 21

continuation of the metarteriole that enables blood to bypass a capillary bed and flow directly into a venule, creating a vascular shunt

Front 22

tunica externa

Back 22

(also, tunica adventitia) outermost layer or tunic of a vessel (except capillaries)

Front 23

tunica intima

Back 23

(also, tunica interna) innermost lining or tunic of a vessel

Front 24

tunica media

Back 24

middle layer or tunic of a vessel (except capillaries)

Front 25

vasa vasorum

Back 25

small blood vessels located within the walls or tunics of larger vessels that supply nourishment to and remove wastes from the cells of the vessels

Front 26

vascular shunt

Back 26

continuation of the metarteriole and thoroughfare channel that allows blood to bypass the capillary beds to flow directly from the arterial to the venous circulation

Front 27

vasoconstriction

Back 27

constriction of the smooth muscle of a blood vessel, resulting in a decreased vascular diameter

Front 28

vasodilation

Back 28

relaxation of the smooth muscle in the wall of a blood vessel, resulting in an increased vascular diameter

Front 29

vasomotion

Back 29

irregular, pulsating flow of blood through capillaries and related structures

Front 30

vein

Back 30

blood vessel that conducts blood toward the heart

Front 31

venous reserve

Back 31

volume of blood contained within systemic veins in the integument, bone marrow, and liver that can be returned to the heart for circulation, if needed

Front 32

venule

Back 32

small vessel leading from the capillaries to veins

Front 33

blood flow

Back 33

movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ that is usually expressed in terms of volume per unit of time

Front 34

blood pressure

Back 34

force exerted by the blood against the wall of a vessel or heart chamber; can be described with the more generic term hydrostatic pressure

Front 35

compliance

Back 35

degree to which a blood vessel can stretch as opposed to being rigid

Front 36

diastolic pressure

Back 36

lower number recorded when measuring arterial blood pressure; represents the minimal value corresponding to the pressure that remains during ventricular relaxation

Front 37

hypervolemia

Back 37

abnormally high levels of fluid and blood within the body

Front 38

hypovolemia

Back 38

abnormally low levels of fluid and blood within the body

Front 39

hypoxia

Back 39

lack of oxygen supply to the tissues

Front 40

ischemia

Back 40

insufficient blood flow to the tissues

Front 41

Korotkoff sounds

Back 41

noises created by turbulent blood flow through the vessels

Front 42

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Back 42

average driving force of blood to the tissues; approximated by taking diastolic pressure and adding 1/3 of pulse pressure

Front 43

pulse

Back 43

alternating expansion and recoil of an artery as blood moves through the vessel; an indicator of heart rate

Front 44

pulse pressure

Back 44

difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures

Front 45

resistance

Back 45

any condition or parameter that slows or counteracts the flow of blood

Front 46

respiratory pump

Back 46

increase in the volume of the thorax during inhalation that decreases air pressure, enabling venous blood to flow into the thoracic region, then exhalation increases pressure, moving blood into the atria

Front 47

skeletal muscle pump

Back 47

effect on increasing blood pressure within veins by compression of the vessel caused by the contraction of nearby skeletal muscle

Front 48

sphygmomanometer

Back 48

blood pressure cuff attached to a device that measures blood pressure

Front 49

systolic pressure

Back 49

larger number recorded when measuring arterial blood pressure; represents the maximum value following ventricular contraction

Front 50

vascular tone

Back 50

contractile state of smooth muscle in a blood vessel

Front 51

blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP)

Back 51

pressure exerted by colloids suspended in blood within a vessel; a primary determinant is the presence of plasma proteins

Front 52

blood hydrostatic pressure

Back 52

force blood exerts against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber

Front 53

capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

Back 53

force blood exerts against a capillary

Front 54

filtration

Back 54

in the cardiovascular system, the movement of material from a capillary into the interstitial fluid, moving from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure

Front 55

interstitial fluid colloidal osmotic pressure (IFCOP)

Back 55

pressure exerted by the colloids within the interstitial fluid

Front 56

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP)

Back 56

force exerted by the fluid in the tissue spaces

Front 57

net filtration pressure (NFP)

Back 57

force driving fluid out of the capillary and into the tissue spaces; equal to the difference of the capillary hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloidal osmotic pressure

Front 58

reabsorption

Back 58

in the cardiovascular system, the movement of material from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries

Front 59

anaphylactic shock

Back 59

type of shock that follows a severe allergic reaction and results from massive vasodilation

Front 60

aortic sinuses

Back 60

small pockets in the ascending aorta near the aortic valve that are the locations of the baroreceptors (stretch receptors) and chemoreceptors that trigger a reflex that aids in the regulation of vascular homeostasis

Front 61

atrial reflex

Back 61

mechanism for maintaining vascular homeostasis involving atrial baroreceptors: if blood is returning to the right atrium more rapidly than it is being ejected from the left ventricle, the atrial receptors will stimulate the cardiovascular centers to increase sympathetic firing and increase cardiac output until the situation is reversed; the opposite is also true

Front 62

cardiogenic shock

Back 62

type of shock that results from the inability of the heart to maintain cardiac output

Front 63

carotid sinuses

Back 63

small pockets near the base of the internal carotid arteries that are the locations of the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors that trigger a reflex that aids in the regulation of vascular homeostasis

Front 64

circulatory shock

Back 64

also simply called shock; a life-threatening medical condition in which the circulatory system is unable to supply enough blood flow to provide adequate oxygen and other nutrients to the tissues to maintain cellular metabolism

Front 65

hypertension

Back 65

chronic and persistent blood pressure measurements of 140/90 mm Hg or above

Front 66

hypovolemic shock

Back 66

type of circulatory shock caused by excessive loss of blood volume due to hemorrhage or possibly dehydration

Front 67

myogenic response

Back 67

constriction or dilation in the walls of arterioles in response to pressures related to blood flow; reduces high blood flow or increases low blood flow to help maintain consistent flow to the capillary network

Front 68

neurogenic shock

Back 68

type of shock that occurs with cranial or high spinal injuries that damage the cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata or the nervous fibers originating from this region

Front 69

obstructive shock

Back 69

type of shock that occurs when a significant portion of the vascular system is blocked

Front 70

sepsis

Back 70

(also, septicemia) organismal-level inflammatory response to a massive infection

Front 71

septic shock

Back 71

(also, blood poisoning) type of shock that follows a massive infection resulting in organism-wide inflammation

Front 72

vascular shock

Back 72

type of shock that occurs when arterioles lose their normal muscular tone and dilate dramatically

Front 73

abdominal aorta

Back 73

portion of the aorta inferior to the aortic hiatus and superior to the common iliac arteries

Front 74

adrenal artery

Back 74

branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the adrenal (suprarenal) glands

Front 75

adrenal vein

Back 75

drains the adrenal or suprarenal glands that are immediately superior to the kidneys; the right adrenal vein enters the inferior vena cava directly and the left adrenal vein enters the left renal vein

Front 76

anterior cerebral artery

Back 76

arises from the internal carotid artery; supplies the frontal lobe of the cerebrum

Front 77

anterior communicating artery

Back 77

anastomosis of the right and left internal carotid arteries; supplies blood to the brain

Front 78

anterior tibial artery

Back 78

branches from the popliteal artery; supplies blood to the anterior tibial region; becomes the dorsalis pedis artery

Front 79

anterior tibial vein

Back 79

forms from the dorsal venous arch; drains the area near the tibialis anterior muscle and leads to the popliteal vein

Front 80

aorta

Back 80

largest artery in the body, originating from the left ventricle and descending to the abdominal region where it bifurcates into the common iliac arteries at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra; arteries originating from the aorta distribute blood to virtually all tissues of the body

Front 81

aortic arch

Back 81

arc that connects the ascending aorta to the descending aorta; ends at the intervertebral disk between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae

Front 82

aortic hiatus

Back 82

opening in the diaphragm that allows passage of the thoracic aorta into the abdominal region where it becomes the abdominal aorta

Front 83

arterial circle

Back 83

(also, circle of Willis) anastomosis located at the base of the brain that ensures continual blood supply; formed from branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries; supplies blood to the brain

Front 84

ascending aorta

Back 84

initial portion of the aorta, rising from the left ventricle for a distance of approximately 5 cm

Front 85

axillary artery

Back 85

continuation of the subclavian artery as it penetrates the body wall and enters the axillary region; supplies blood to the region near the head of the humerus (humeral circumflex arteries); the majority of the vessel continues into the brachium and becomes the brachial artery

Front 86

axillary vein

Back 86

major vein in the axillary region; drains the upper limb and becomes the subclavian vein

Front 87

azygos vein

Back 87

originates in the lumbar region and passes through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity on the right side of the vertebral column; drains blood from the intercostal veins, esophageal veins, bronchial veins, and other veins draining the mediastinal region; leads to the superior vena cava

Front 88

basilar artery

Back 88

formed from the fusion of the two vertebral arteries; sends branches to the cerebellum, brain stem, and the posterior cerebral arteries; the main blood supply to the brain stem

Front 89

basilic vein

Back 89

superficial vein of the arm that arises from the palmar venous arches, intersects with the median cubital vein, parallels the ulnar vein, and continues into the upper arm; along with the brachial vein, it leads to the axillary vein

Front 90

brachial artery

Back 90

continuation of the axillary artery in the brachium; supplies blood to much of the brachial region; gives off several smaller branches that provide blood to the posterior surface of the arm in the region of the elbow; bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the coronoid fossa

Front 91

brachial vein

Back 91

deeper vein of the arm that forms from the radial and ulnar veins in the lower arm; leads to the axillary vein

Front 92

brachiocephalic artery

Back 92

single vessel located on the right side of the body; the first vessel branching from the aortic arch; gives rise to the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery; supplies blood to the head, neck, upper limb, and wall of the thoracic region

Front 93

brachiocephalic vein

Back 93

one of a pair of veins that form from a fusion of the external and internal jugular veins and the subclavian vein; subclavian, external and internal jugulars, vertebral, and internal thoracic veins lead to it; drains the upper thoracic region and flows into the superior vena cava

Front 94

bronchial artery

Back 94

systemic branch from the aorta that provides oxygenated blood to the lungs in addition to the pulmonary circuit

Front 95

bronchial vein

Back 95

drains the systemic circulation from the lungs and leads to the azygos vein

Front 96

cavernous sinus

Back 96

enlarged vein that receives blood from most of the other cerebral veins and the eye socket, and leads to the petrosal sinus

Front 97

celiac trunk

Back 97

(also, celiac artery) major branch of the abdominal aorta; gives rise to the left gastric artery, the splenic artery, and the common hepatic artery that forms the hepatic artery to the liver, the right gastric artery to the stomach, and the cystic artery to the gall bladder

Front 98

cephalic vein

Back 98

superficial vessel in the upper arm; leads to the axillary vein

Front 99

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Back 99

blockage of blood flow to the brain; also called a stroke

Front 100

circle of Willis

Back 100

(also, arterial circle) anastomosis located at the base of the brain that ensures continual blood supply; formed from branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries; supplies blood to the brain

Front 101

common carotid artery

Back 101

right common carotid artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery, and the left common carotid arises from the aortic arch; gives rise to the external and internal carotid arteries; supplies the respective sides of the head and neck

Front 102

common hepatic artery

Back 102

branch of the celiac trunk that forms the hepatic artery, the right gastric artery, and the cystic artery

Front 103

common iliac artery

Back 103

branch of the aorta that leads to the internal and external iliac arteries

Front 104

common iliac vein

Back 104

one of a pair of veins that flows into the inferior vena cava at the level of L5; the left common iliac vein drains the sacral region; divides into external and internal iliac veins near the inferior portion of the sacroiliac joint

Front 105

cystic artery

Back 105

branch of the common hepatic artery; supplies blood to the gall bladder

Front 106

deep femoral artery

Back 106

branch of the femoral artery; gives rise to the lateral circumflex arteries

Front 107

deep femoral vein

Back 107

drains blood from the deeper portions of the thigh and leads to the femoral vein

Front 108

descending aorta

Back 108

portion of the aorta that continues downward past the end of the aortic arch; subdivided into the thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta

Front 109

digital arteries

Back 109

formed from the superficial and deep palmar arches; supply blood to the digits

Front 110

digital veins

Back 110

drain the digits and feed into the palmar arches of the hand and dorsal venous arch of the foot

Front 111

dorsal arch

Back 111

(also, arcuate arch) formed from the anastomosis of the dorsalis pedis artery and medial and plantar arteries; branches supply the distal portions of the foot and digits

Front 112

dorsal venous arch

Back 112

drains blood from digital veins and vessels on the superior surface of the foot

Front 113

dorsalis pedis artery

Back 113

forms from the anterior tibial artery; branches repeatedly to supply blood to the tarsal and dorsal regions of the foot

Front 114

esophageal artery

Back 114

branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the esophagus

Front 115

esophageal vein

Back 115

drains the inferior portions of the esophagus and leads to the azygos vein

Front 116

external carotid artery

Back 116

arises from the common carotid artery; supplies blood to numerous structures within the face, lower jaw, neck, esophagus, and larynx

Front 117

external iliac artery

Back 117

branch of the common iliac artery that leaves the body cavity and becomes a femoral artery; supplies blood to the lower limbs

Front 118

external iliac vein

Back 118

formed when the femoral vein passes into the body cavity; drains the legs and leads to the common iliac vein

Front 119

external jugular vein

Back 119

one of a pair of major veins located in the superficial neck region that drains blood from the more superficial portions of the head, scalp, and cranial regions, and leads to the subclavian vein

Front 120

femoral artery

Back 120

continuation of the external iliac artery after it passes through the body cavity; divides into several smaller branches, the lateral deep femoral artery, and the genicular artery; becomes the popliteal artery as it passes posterior to the knee

Front 121

femoral circumflex vein

Back 121

forms a loop around the femur just inferior to the trochanters; drains blood from the areas around the head and neck of the femur; leads to the femoral vein

Front 122

femoral vein

Back 122

drains the upper leg; receives blood from the great saphenous vein, the deep femoral vein, and the femoral circumflex vein; becomes the external iliac vein when it crosses the body wall

Front 123

fibular vein

Back 123

drains the muscles and integument near the fibula and leads to the popliteal vein

Front 124

genicular artery

Back 124

branch of the femoral artery; supplies blood to the region of the knee

Front 125

gonadal artery

Back 125

branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the gonads or reproductive organs; also described as ovarian arteries or testicular arteries, depending upon the sex of the individual

Front 126

gonadal vein

Back 126

generic term for a vein draining a reproductive organ; may be either an ovarian vein or a testicular vein, depending on the sex of the individual

Front 127

great cerebral vein

Back 127

receives most of the smaller vessels from the inferior cerebral veins and leads to the straight sinus

Front 128

great saphenous vein

Back 128

prominent surface vessel located on the medial surface of the leg and thigh; drains the superficial portions of these areas and leads to the femoral vein

Front 129

hemiazygos vein

Back 129

smaller vein complementary to the azygos vein; drains the esophageal veins from the esophagus and the left intercostal veins, and leads to the brachiocephalic vein via the superior intercostal vein

Front 130

hepatic artery proper

Back 130

branch of the common hepatic artery; supplies systemic blood to the liver

Front 131

hepatic portal system

Back 131

specialized circulatory pathway that carries blood from digestive organs to the liver for processing before being sent to the systemic circulation

Front 132

hepatic vein

Back 132

drains systemic blood from the liver and flows into the inferior vena cava

Front 133

inferior mesenteric artery

Back 133

branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the distal segment of the large intestine and rectum

Front 134

inferior phrenic artery

Back 134

branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the inferior surface of the diaphragm

Front 135

inferior vena cava

Back 135

large systemic vein that drains blood from areas largely inferior to the diaphragm; empties into the right atrium

Front 136

intercostal artery

Back 136

branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the muscles of the thoracic cavity and vertebral column

Front 137

intercostal vein

Back 137

drains the muscles of the thoracic wall and leads to the azygos vein

Front 138

internal carotid artery

Back 138

arises from the common carotid artery and begins with the carotid sinus; goes through the carotid canal of the temporal bone to the base of the brain; combines with branches of the vertebral artery forming the arterial circle; supplies blood to the brain

Front 139

internal iliac artery

Back 139

branch from the common iliac arteries; supplies blood to the urinary bladder, walls of the pelvis, external genitalia, and the medial portion of the femoral region; in females, also provide blood to the uterus and vagina

Front 140

internal iliac vein

Back 140

drains the pelvic organs and integument; formed from several smaller veins in the region; leads to the common iliac vein

Front 141

internal jugular vein

Back 141

one of a pair of major veins located in the neck region that passes through the jugular foramen and canal, flows parallel to the common carotid artery that is more or less its counterpart; primarily drains blood from the brain, receives the superficial facial vein, and empties into the subclavian vein

Front 142

internal thoracic artery

Back 142

(also, mammary artery) arises from the subclavian artery; supplies blood to the thymus, pericardium of the heart, and the anterior chest wall

Front 143

internal thoracic vein

Back 143

(also, internal mammary vein) drains the anterior surface of the chest wall and leads to the brachiocephalic vein

Front 144

lateral circumflex artery

Back 144

branch of the deep femoral artery; supplies blood to the deep muscles of the thigh and the ventral and lateral regions of the integument

Front 145

lateral plantar artery

Back 145

arises from the bifurcation of the posterior tibial arteries; supplies blood to the lateral plantar surfaces of the foot

Front 146

left gastric artery

Back 146

branch of the celiac trunk; supplies blood to the stomach

Front 147

lumbar arteries

Back 147

branches of the abdominal aorta; supply blood to the lumbar region, the abdominal wall, and spinal cord

Front 148

lumbar veins

Back 148

drain the lumbar portion of the abdominal wall and spinal cord; the superior lumbar veins drain into the azygos vein on the right or the hemiazygos vein on the left; blood from these vessels is returned to the superior vena cava rather than the inferior vena cava

Front 149

maxillary vein

Back 149

drains blood from the maxillary region and leads to the external jugular vein

Front 150

medial plantar artery

Back 150

arises from the bifurcation of the posterior tibial arteries; supplies blood to the medial plantar surfaces of the foot

Front 151

median ante brachial vein

Back 151

vein that parallels the ulnar vein but is more medial in location; intertwines with the palmar venous arches

Front 152

median cubital vein

Back 152

superficial vessel located in the antecubital region that links the cephalic vein to the basilic vein in the form of a v; a frequent site for a blood draw

Front 153

median sacral artery

Back 153

continuation of the aorta into the sacrum

Front 154

mediastinal artery

Back 154

branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the mediastinum

Front 155

middle cerebral artery

Back 155

another branch of the internal carotid artery; supplies blood to the temporal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum

Front 156

middle sacral vein

Back 156

drains the sacral region and leads to the left common iliac vein

Front 157

occipital sinus

Back 157

enlarged vein that drains the occipital region near the falx cerebelli and flows into the left and right transverse sinuses, and also into the vertebral veins

Front 158

ophthalmic artery

Back 158

branch of the internal carotid artery; supplies blood to the eyes

Front 159

ovarian artery

Back 159

branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the ovary, uterine (Fallopian) tube, and uterus

Front 160

ovarian vein

Back 160

drains the ovary; the right ovarian vein leads to the inferior vena cava and the left ovarian vein leads to the left renal vein

Front 161

palmar arches

Back 161

superficial and deep arches formed from anastomoses of the radial and ulnar arteries; supply blood to the hand and digital arteries

Front 162

palmar venous arches

Back 162

drain the hand and digits, and feed into the radial and ulnar veins

Front 163

parietal branches

Back 163

(also, somatic branches) group of arterial branches of the thoracic aorta; includes those that supply blood to the thoracic cavity, vertebral column, and the superior surface of the diaphragm

Front 164

pericardial artery

Back 164

branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the pericardium

Front 165

petrosal sinus

Back 165

enlarged vein that receives blood from the cavernous sinus and flows into the internal jugular vein

Front 166

phrenic vein

Back 166

drains the diaphragm; the right phrenic vein flows into the inferior vena cava and the left phrenic vein leads to the left renal vein

Front 167

plantar arch

Back 167

formed from the anastomosis of the dorsalis pedis artery and medial and plantar arteries; branches supply the distal portions of the foot and digits

Front 168

plantar veins

Back 168

drain the foot and lead to the plantar venous arch

Front 169

plantar venous arch

Back 169

formed from the plantar veins; leads to the anterior and posterior tibial veins through anastomoses

Front 170

popliteal artery

Back 170

continuation of the femoral artery posterior to the knee; branches into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Front 171

popliteal vein

Back 171

continuation of the femoral vein behind the knee; drains the region behind the knee and forms from the fusion of the fibular and anterior and posterior tibial veins

Front 172

posterior cerebral artery

Back 172

branch of the basilar artery that forms a portion of the posterior segment of the arterial circle; supplies blood to the posterior portion of the cerebrum and brain stem

Front 173

posterior communicating artery

Back 173

branch of the posterior cerebral artery that forms part of the posterior portion of the arterial circle; supplies blood to the brain

Front 174

posterior tibial artery

Back 174

branch from the popliteal artery that gives rise to the fibular or peroneal artery; supplies blood to the posterior tibial region

Front 175

posterior tibial vein

Back 175

forms from the dorsal venous arch; drains the area near the posterior surface of the tibia and leads to the popliteal vein

Front 176

pulmonary artery

Back 176

one of two branches, left and right, that divides off from the pulmonary trunk and leads to smaller arterioles and eventually to the pulmonary capillaries

Front 177

pulmonary circuit

Back 177

system of blood vessels that provide gas exchange via a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries that run from the heart, through the body, and back to the lungs

Front 178

pulmonary trunk

Back 178

single large vessel exiting the right ventricle that divides to form the right and left pulmonary arteries

Front 179

pulmonary veins

Back 179

two sets of paired vessels, one pair on each side, that are formed from the small venules leading away from the pulmonary capillaries that flow into the left atrium

Front 180

radial artery

Back 180

formed at the bifurcation of the brachial artery; parallels the radius; gives off smaller branches until it reaches the carpal region where it fuses with the ulnar artery to form the superficial and deep palmar arches; supplies blood to the lower arm and carpal region

Front 181

radial vein

Back 181

parallels the radius and radial artery; arises from the palmar venous arches and leads to the brachial vein

Front 182

renal artery

Back 182

branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies each kidney

Front 183

renal vein

Back 183

largest vein entering the inferior vena cava; drains the kidneys and leads to the inferior vena cava

Front 184

right gastric artery

Back 184

branch of the common hepatic artery; supplies blood to the stomach

Front 185

sigmoid sinuses

Back 185

enlarged veins that receive blood from the transverse sinuses; flow through the jugular foramen and into the internal jugular vein

Front 186

small saphenous vein

Back 186

located on the lateral surface of the leg; drains blood from the superficial regions of the lower leg and foot, and leads to the popliteal vein

Front 187

splenic artery

Back 187

branch of the celiac trunk; supplies blood to the spleen

Front 188

straight sinus

Back 188

enlarged vein that drains blood from the brain; receives most of the blood from the great cerebral vein and flows into the left or right transverse sinus

Front 189

subclavian artery

Back 189

right subclavian arises from the brachiocephalic artery, whereas the left subclavian artery arises from the aortic arch; gives rise to the internal thoracic, vertebral, and thyrocervical arteries; supplies blood to the arms, chest, shoulders, back, and central nervous system

Front 190

subclavian vein

Back 190

located deep in the thoracic cavity; becomes the axillary vein as it enters the axillary region; drains the axillary and smaller local veins near the scapular region; leads to the brachiocephalic vein

Front 191

sub scapular vein

Back 191

drains blood from the subscapular region and leads to the axillary vein

Front 192

superior mesenteric artery

Back 192

branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), the pancreas, and a majority of the large intestine

Front 193

superior phrenic artery

Back 193

branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the superior surface of the diaphragm

Front 194

superior sagittal sinus

Back 194

enlarged vein located midsagittally between the meningeal and periosteal layers of the dura mater within the falx cerebri; receives most of the blood drained from the superior surface of the cerebrum and leads to the inferior jugular vein and the vertebral vein

Front 195

superior vena cava

Back 195

large systemic vein; drains blood from most areas superior to the diaphragm; empties into the right atrium

Front 196

temporal vein

Back 196

drains blood from the temporal region and leads to the external jugular vein

Front 197

testicular artery

Back 197

branch of the abdominal aorta; will ultimately travel outside the body cavity to the testes and form one component of the spermatic cord

Front 198

testicular vein

Back 198

drains the testes and forms part of the spermatic cord; the right testicular vein empties directly into the inferior vena cava and the left testicular vein empties into the left renal vein

Front 199

thoracic aorta

Back 199

portion of the descending aorta superior to the aortic hiatus

Front 200

thyrocervical artery

Back 200

arises from the subclavian artery; supplies blood to the thyroid, the cervical region, the upper back, and shoulder

Front 201

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Back 201

temporary loss of neurological function caused by a brief interruption in blood flow; also known as a mini-stroke

Front 202

transverse sinuses

Back 202

pair of enlarged veins near the lambdoid suture that drain the occipital, sagittal, and straight sinuses, and leads to the sigmoid sinuses

Front 203

trunk

Back 203

large vessel that gives rise to smaller vessels

Front 204

ulnar artery

Back 204

formed at the bifurcation of the brachial artery; parallels the ulna; gives off smaller branches until it reaches the carpal region where it fuses with the radial artery to form the superficial and deep palmar arches; supplies blood to the lower arm and carpal region

Front 205

ulnar vein

Back 205

parallels the ulna and ulnar artery; arises from the palmar venous arches and leads to the brachial vein

Front 206

vertebral artery

Back 206

arises from the subclavian artery and passes through the vertebral foramen through the foramen magnum to the brain; joins with the internal carotid artery to form the arterial circle; supplies blood to the brain and spinal cord

Front 207

vertebral vein

Back 207

arises from the base of the brain and the cervical region of the spinal cord; passes through the intervertebral foramina in the cervical vertebrae; drains smaller veins from the cranium, spinal cord, and vertebrae, and leads to the brachiocephalic vein; counterpart of the vertebral artery

Front 208

visceral branches

Back 208

branches of the descending aorta that supply blood to the viscera

Front 209

angioblasts

Back 209

stem cells that give rise to blood vessels

Front 210

angiogenesis

Back 210

development of new blood vessels from existing vessels

Front 211

blood islands

Back 211

masses of developing blood vessels and formed elements from mesodermal cells scattered throughout the embryonic disc

Front 212

ductus arteriosus

Back 212

shunt in the fetal pulmonary trunk that diverts oxygenated blood back to the aorta

Front 213

ductus venosus

Back 213

shunt that causes oxygenated blood to bypass the fetal liver on its way to the inferior vena cava

Front 214

foramen ovale

Back 214

shunt that directly connects the right and left atria and helps to divert oxygenated blood from the fetal pulmonary circuit

Front 215

hemangioblasts

Back 215

embryonic stem cells that appear in the mesoderm and give rise to both angioblasts and pluripotent stem cells

Front 216

umbilical arteries

Back 216

pair of vessels that runs within the umbilical cord and carries fetal blood low in oxygen and high in waste to the placenta for exchange with maternal blood

Front 217

umbilical vein

Back 217

single vessel that originates in the placenta and runs within the umbilical cord, carrying oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood to the fetal heart

Front 218

vascular tubes

Back 218

rudimentary blood vessels in a developing fetus

Front 219

angioblasts

Back 219

stem cells that give rise to blood vessels

Front 220

angiogenesis

Back 220

development of new blood vessels from existing vessels

Front 221

blood islands

Back 221

masses of developing blood vessels and formed elements from mesodermal cells scattered throughout the embryonic disc

Front 222

ductus arteriosus

Back 222

shunt in the fetal pulmonary trunk that diverts oxygenated blood back to the aorta

Front 223

ductus venosus

Back 223

shunt that causes oxygenated blood to bypass the fetal liver on its way to the inferior vena cava

Front 224

foramen ovale

Back 224

shunt that directly connects the right and left atria and helps to divert oxygenated blood from the fetal pulmonary circuit

Front 225

hemangioblasts

Back 225

embryonic stem cells that appear in the mesoderm and give rise to both angioblasts and pluripotent stem cells

Front 226

umbilical arteries

Back 226

pair of vessels that runs within the umbilical cord and carries fetal blood low in oxygen and high in waste to the placenta for exchange with maternal blood

Front 227

umbilical vein

Back 227

single vessel that originates in the placenta and runs within the umbilical cord, carrying oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood to the fetal heart

Front 228

vascular tubes

Back 228

rudimentary blood vessels in a developing fetus