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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Arteries that can be examined
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Temporal Artery
Carotid Brachial Ulnar Radial Femoral Popliteal Dorsalis Pedis Posterior Tibial |
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Veins that can be examined
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Jugular Veins
Arms: Superficial and Deep Leg: Deep Veins and Superficial Veins (great and small saphenous veins) and Perforators |
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Deep Leg Veins
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Femoral and Popliteal; conduct most of venous return from legs
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Perforators
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connecting veins that join two sets and have one-way valves that route blood from superficial into deep veins
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Veins vs. Arteries
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Veins: lower pressure, have intraluminal valves, walls are distensible, thinner, and larger diameter
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Efficient Venous Return requires
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Skeletal Muscles
Competent Valves Patent Lumen |
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Venous Stasis
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Inefficient venous return
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Varicose Veins
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dilated and torturous veins creating incompetent valves that lead to increased venous pressure further dilating the vein
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Lymphatics Function
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1) Retrieve excess fluid from tissue spaces and returns it to the blood
2) Conserves fluid and plasma protein that leak out of capillaries 3) Major part of immune system 4) Absorbs lipids from intestinal tract |
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Functions of Lymph Nodes
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Filters fluid before it is returned to bloodstream and filters out microorganisms that could be harmful to body
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Spleen
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Destroys old RBC's
Produces antibodies Stores RBCs Filters microorganisms from blood |
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Tonsils
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Respond to local inflammation
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Thymus
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Develops T-lymphocytes in children
No function in adults |
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Edema Grading
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1+: slight pitting, disappears rapidly
2+: somewhat deeper pit, disappears in 10-15 sec 3+: deep pit, may last > 1 minute 4+: very deep pit, lasts 2-5 min |
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Reason for Delayed Capillary Refill
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Vasoconstriction or decreased cardiac output
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Reason there might be a full, bounding pulse
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anemia, hyperkinetic states, hyperthyroidism
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Reason for weak pulse
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shock, peripheral arterial disease
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Signs of Malnutrition
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thin, shiny atrophic skin, thick ridged nails, loss of hair, ulcers, gangrene
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Signs of arterial insufficiency
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malnutrition, pallor, coolness, ulcers at tips of toes, metatarsal heads, and lateral malleoli
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Asymmetry of Calves
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- 1 to 3 cm : mild lymphedema
- 3 to 5 cm: moderate > 5cm: severe |
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Ankle Brachial Index
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Ankle Systolic Pressure/ Arm Systolic Pressure
- not as reliable for people with DM - .9-.7 : mild claudication - .7-.4: moderate to severe - .4-.3: severe - <.30: ischemia with impending tissue loss |
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Raynaud's Syndrome
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Abrupt, progressive tricolor change of fingers in response to cold, vibration, or stress. White -> Blue -> Blood from arteriospasm ( leading to lack of blood) -> relaxation of spasm (some blood return) -> return of blood
associated symptoms: cold, numbness, pain ( during pallor & cyanosis), burning, throbbing, swelling (when red) bilateral; hours |
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Lymphedema
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Removal or damage of lymph nodes with breast surgery or therapy. Impedes lymph drainage.
Can lead to infection, delayed wound healing, chronic inflammation, and fibrosis of surrounding tissue. |
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Arteriosclerosis
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Ischemic ulcer; hardening and calcification of arterial wall
Deep muscle pain in calf/foot, claudication, & possibly pain at rest. Coolness, pallor, elevational pallor, dependent rubor, dependent rubor, diminsed pulse, systolic bruits, trophic skin, malnutrition, distal gangrene Ulcers at toes, metatarsal heads, heels, lateral ankle, characterized by pale ischemic base, well defined edges, and no bleeding. |
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Venous (stasis) Ulcer
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Occurs after deep vein thrombosis or chronic incompetent valves in deep veins
- Aching pain in calf or lower leg, worse at end of day and prolonged standing/sitting - Firm brawny edema; coarse, thick skin; normal bulses, brown pigment, petechiae, dermatitis, increased venous pressure Ulcers occur at medial malleolus and characterized by bleeding, uneven edges |
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Brown Discoloration due to:
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Venous stasis causes increased venous pressure causing RBC's to leak out of veins into skin.
RBC's break down leaving hemosiderin (iron deposits) behind = brown pigment deposits |
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Superficial Varicose veins
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Incompetent valves permit reflux of blood producing dilated, tortuous veins
3x's more common in women than men > 45 y/o Aching, heaviness in calf, easy fatigability, night leg, foot cramps |
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Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis
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Deep vein occluded by thrombus causing inflammation, blocked venous return, cyanosis, and edema.
May be due to prolonged bed rest, history of varicose veins, trauma, infection, cancer, or oral estrogenic contraceptives S: sudden onset of intense sharp deep muscle pain and may increase with sharp dorsiflexion of foot O: warm, swelling, redness, cyanosis, tenderness, Homan's sign Emergency referral due to risk of pulmonary embolism |
