Chapter 20

Front 1

What are the 3 fundamental causes of edema?

Back 1

1) Increased capillary filtration
2) Reduced capillary reaborption
3) Obstructed lymphatic drainage

Front 2

edema

Back 2

accumulation of fluid in a tissue; occurs when a fluid filters faster into a tissue than it is reaborbed

Front 3

Flow back to the heart is achieved by 5 mechanisms...

Back 3

1) pressure gradient
2) gravity
3)skeletal muscle pump
4) thoracic(respiratory) pump
5)cardiac suction

Front 4

Circulatory shock

Back 4

any state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body's metabolic needs; 2 categories- cardiogenic shock and low venous return shock(LVR)

Front 5

cardiogenic shock

Back 5

caused by inadequate pumping of the heart; usually from myocardial infarction

Front 6

low venous return shock(LVR)

Back 6

cardiac output is low because too little blood is returning to the heart; 3 forms> hypovolemic shock, obstructed venous return shock, and venous pooling(vascular) shock

Front 7

hypovolemic shock

Back 7

most common form, produced by loss of blood volume as a result of trauma, bleeding, or dehydration; dehydration is a major cause of death

Front 8

obstructed venous return shock

Back 8

when any object compresses a vein and impedes its blood flow

Front 9

venous pooling(vascular) shock

Back 9

body has normal blood volume, but too much of it accumulates in the limbs; results from sitting too long or vasodilation

Front 10

neurogenic shock

Back 10

form of venous pooling; results from sudden loss of vasomotor tone, allowing vessels to dilate; from trauma or emotional shock

Front 11

septic shock

Back 11

bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Front 12

anaphylactic shock

Back 12

exposure to an antigen to which a person is allergic

Front 13

compensated shock

Back 13

homeostatic mechanisms act to bring about spontaneous recovery; hypotension from low CO triggers the baroreflex and production of angiotensin II> both counteract shock by stimulating vasoconstriction

Front 14

decompensated

Back 14

several positive feedback loops occur; poor CO weakens heart and leads to reduced output; slow circulation> coagulation; venous return is worse; ischemia and acidosis of brainstem depress vasomotor tone>futher vasodilation> further drop in BP and CO

Front 15

transient ischemic attacks(TIA)

Back 15

temporary dizziness, loss of vision, weakness, paralysis, and aphasia

Front 16

stroke/ cerebrovascular accident(CVA)

Back 16

sudden death (infarction) of brain tissue caused by ischemia