Chapter 2: Theories Of Personality

Front 1

personality

Back 1

an individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioural traits

Front 2

personality trait

Back 2

a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

Front 3

raymond catell

Back 3

factor analysis- correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related cluster variables
- reduced list of 171 personality traits to just 16

Front 4

the big five

Back 4

1. openness to experience
2. conscientiousness
3. extraversion
4. agreeableness
5. neuroticism

Front 5

Machiavellianism

Back 5

manipulative personality
- deception and manipulation for self-benefit
- doesn't matter how they get to the end
- insecure and callous

Front 6

genetics of machiavellianism

Back 6

31% genetics
39% shared environment
30% non-shared environment

Front 7

narcissism

Back 7

grandiose, entitled personality
- love oneself, superior, attention-seeking
- others exist to adore me

Front 8

genetic of narcissism

Back 8

59% genetics
41% non-shared

Front 9

psychopathy

Back 9

impulsive, uncaring personality
- impulsivity, low remorse, thrill-seeking
- inability to recognize affect
- get into others head to push the right buttons

Front 10

genetics of psychopathy

Back 10

64% genetics
4% shared environment
32% non-shared

Front 11

psychoanalysis

Back 11

lengthy verbal interaction in which Freud probed deep into their lives

Front 12

3 arguments of Freud

Back 12

1. unconscious forces govern behaviour
2. childhood experiences strongly determine personality
3. personality is shaped by how you cope with sexual urges

Front 13

id

Back 13

primitive, instinctive component
- pleasure principle
- psychic energy
- raw biological urges
- immediate gratification

Front 14

ego

Back 14

decision making component
- reality principle
- delay of gratification of ids urges
- rational, realistic

Front 15

superego

Back 15

moral component
- emerges around 3-5
- strives for moral perfection

Front 16

defence mechanisms

Back 16

largely unconscious reactions that protect you from painful emotions (like guilt)

Front 17

8 defence mechanisms

Back 17

(SPIDRRRR) rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, projection, displacement, identification, sublimation

Front 18

psychosexual stages

Back 18

oral (0-1), anal (2-3), phallic (4-5), latency (6-12), genitcal (12+)

Front 19

fixation

Back 19

failure to move forward from one stage to another
- caused by excessive gratification/frustration
- leads to overemphasis on needs prominent in fixated stage

Front 20

oedipal complex

Back 20

during phallic stage, children get erotic desires for other sex parent, hostile toward same-sex parent

Front 21

penis envy

Back 21

little girls hostile toward their mothers because they blame her for their anatomical deficiency

Front 22

Carl Jung's 2 layers

Back 22

personal unconscious- houses materials from one's life due to repression or forgetting
collective unconscious- storehouse of archetypes

Front 23

archetypes

Back 23

latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past that is shared with the entire human race

Front 24

alfred adler

Back 24

foremost human drive is striving for superiority
- inferiority complex

Front 25

striving for superiority

Back 25

drive to adapt, improve oneself, master life's challenges

Front 26

humanism

Back 26

emphasizes unique qualities of humans, especially their free will and potential for human growth

Front 27

carl rogers

Back 27

humanism, self-concept and incongruence of self-concept

Front 28

self-concept

Back 28

collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities and typical behaviour

Front 29

incongruence

Back 29

disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experiences

Front 30

maslows hierarchy of needs

Back 30

systematic arrangement of needs, where basic needs must be met first before less basic needs are aroused

Front 31

order of the hierarchy of needs

Back 31

(PSBECA, SA)
physiological, safety and security, belongingness and love, esteem, cognitive, aesthetic, need for self-actualization

Front 32

eysenck's theory of personality

Back 32

personality is derived by GENES, extraversion-introversion dimension

Front 33

sensation seeking

Back 33

general preference for high or low levels of sensory stimulation
mark zuckerman believed there was a genetic predisposition for this

Front 34

terror management theory

Back 34

the collision of self-preservation instinct AND awareness of inevitable death causes anxiety... self-esteem shields people from this anxiety