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234 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Matter is anything that occupies ___________ and has _______ |
space, mass |
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Mass is the amount of __________ in an object. Mass remains ________ despite gravity |
matter, constant |
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Weight changes with ___________ |
gravity |
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Energy is not as _________ as matter |
tangible |
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Energy is only measured by its effect on _____________ |
matter |
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Energy is the capacity to do _______ or put matter into _______ |
work, motion |
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Kinetic energy is energy in _______ |
action |
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Potential energy is ___________ |
inactive |
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Chemical energy is stored in the bond of __________ substances |
chemical |
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Electrical energy results from the movement of __________ particles |
charged |
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Mechanical energy is directly involved in moving _________ |
matter |
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Radiant energy is energy that travels in _______ |
waves |
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All energy conversions liberate ______ |
heat |
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Matter is composed of __________ |
elements |
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Elements are unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by normal _________ methods |
chemical |
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There are ______ recognized elements |
118 |
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___ elements occur in nature |
92 |
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__ __ __ and __ make up 96% of body weight |
CHON
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There are ____ other elements found in trace amounts in the body |
20 |
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Most trace elements are part of _______ or required for their activation |
enzyme |
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Each element is composed of identical particles/building blocks called ________ |
atoms |
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Atoms have a ________ ______ containing protons and neutrons tightly bound together |
central nucleus |
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The nucleus has an overall ________ charge |
positive |
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All atoms are electrically _______ |
neutral |
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__________ is the simplest atom |
Hydrogen |
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Atoms of different elements are composed of different numbers of _______, _________ and _______ |
protons, neutrons,and electrons |
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Atomic number is the number of _______ in the nucleus |
protons |
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Mass Number is the sum of the masses of _____ and _______ |
protons and neutrons |
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Isotopes are structural variations of an element, and have the same number of _______ but different number of ________ |
protons, neutrons |
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Atomic weight is the average of the relative weights of all of the _______ of an element |
isotopes |
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Radioisotopes are ______ and ______ isotopes of elements |
heavier, unstable |
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Molecules are two or more of the same types of ______ held together by chemical bonds |
atoms |
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A bonding of two or more different types of atoms forms ________ |
compounds |
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Compounds are chemically ______ and all of their atoms are ______ |
pure, identical |
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Mixtures are substances composed of two or more _______ that are physically intermixed |
components |
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Most matter in nature occurs in the form of ________ |
mixtures |
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Three types of mixtures are |
solutions, colloids, and suspensions |
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Solutions have tiny solutes that _____ settle out (do/do not) |
do not |
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Solutions _____ scatter light (do/do not) |
do not |
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Solutions are ____________ (homo/heterogenous) |
homogenous |
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Water is the body's chief ________ |
solvent |
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Solutions are described by their ______________ |
concentration |
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A common measurement of a solution is ____/____ |
mg/dl |
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Solutions can be described by their _______ |
molarity |
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Colloids are also known as |
emulsions |
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Colloids have particles that ______ settle out (do/do not) |
do not |
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Colloids _____ scatter light (do/do not) |
do |
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Colloids can undergo __________ transformations |
sol-gel |
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Suspensions are _____________ (homo/heterogenous) |
heterogenous |
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Colloids are _____________ (homo/heterogenous) |
heterogenous |
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Suspensions have large visible particles that _______ settle out (do/do not) |
do |
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Suspensions _____ scatter light (do/do not) |
do |
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Mixtures have ____ chemical bonds |
no |
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Compounds can only be separated by _________ _____ |
breaking bonds |
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Three types of bonds are |
ionic, covalent, and hydrogen |
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Each electron shell represents a different _______ ________ |
energy level |
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Electrons furthest from the nucleus have the greatest __________ _______ |
potential energy |
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Electrons furthest from the nucleus are more likely to ________ with other atoms |
interact |
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Inner electrons do not usually take part in __________ |
bonding |
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Atoms that _____ electrons are known as electron ________ |
gain, acceptors |
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Electron acceptors have a net ______ charge and are called _______ |
negative, anions |
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Atoms that _____ electrons are called electron _________ |
lose, donors |
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Electron donors acquire a net ________ charge and are known as _______ |
positive, cations |
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Most ionic compounds are |
salts |
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Covalent bonds are when electrons are ________ |
shared |
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Polar molecules results from an _____ electron pair sharing |
unequal |
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Non-polar molecules result from an ______ sharing of electron pairs |
equal |
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Small atoms with 6-7 valence shell electrons have a strong ___________ and are electron-_______ |
electronegativity, hungry |
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Most atoms with only one or two valence shell electrons are electro-_________ |
positive |
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Dipoles are another term for ________ molecules
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polar |
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An example of a dipole is |
water |
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Polar molecules orient themselves towards other _________ |
dipoles |
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Hydrogen bonds are more like ___________ than bonds |
attractions |
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Hydrogen bonds form when a H atom is attracted by another electron-hungry atom so that a _______ forms between them |
bridge |
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Hydrogen bonding is common between dipoles such as ________ molecules |
water |
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Hydrogen bonds are important intramolecular bonds holding particles of a single large molecule in a specific ______ shape |
3D |
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Chemical reactions occur whenever chemical bonds are _____, ______, or _________ |
formed, broken, rearranged |
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Reactants are the number and kinds of ________ substances |
interacting |
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Products are the chemical composition of the ________ of the reaction |
result |
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Relative proportions are ________ equations that indicate the relative proportion of each ________ and __________ |
balanced, reactant, product |
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Three types of chemical reactions |
Synthesis, decomposition, exchange |
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Synthesis reactions are also known as |
combination reactions |
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In synthesis reactions, molecules combine to form _______, more _______ molecules |
larger, complex |
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Synthesis reactions can be known as ______ |
anabolic |
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Decomposition occurs when a molecule is broken down into _________, more ______ molecules |
smaller, simple |
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In decomposition reactions, bonds are broken and can be called _________ |
catabolic |
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Exchange reactions are also known as |
displacement reactions |
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Exchange reactions involve both _________ and __________ reactions |
synthesis, decomposition |
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Oxidation Reduction Reactions are ___________ reactions |
decomposition |
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Redox reactions result from food being broken down to get _______ for energy |
fuel |
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In Redox reactions, _______ are exchanged between reactants |
electrons |
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A reactant that loses an electron is called an electron _______ |
donor |
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Electron donors become _________ |
oxidized |
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Reactants that gain electrons are called electron _________ |
acceptors |
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Electron acceptors become __________ |
reduced |
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Redox reactions occur when _____ compounds are formed |
ionic |
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Not all redox reactions involve the complete __________ of electrons |
transfer |
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Exergonic reactions ________ energy |
release |
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Exergonic reactions are __________ (catabolic/anabolic) |
catabolic |
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Exergonic reactions are __________ (oxidative/reduced) |
oxidative |
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Endergonic reactions contain more __________ _________ in their chemical bonds than their reactants |
potential energy |
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All chemical reactions are theoretically ___________ |
reversible |
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One chemical equilibrium is reached, there is no further net change in the amount of __________ and ________ unless more of either are added to the mix |
products, reactants |
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Organic compounds contain carbon and are ___________ bonded |
covalently |
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Inorganic compounds include salts, _______ and many ________ |
acids, bases |
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Water makes up ___-___% of the volume of most living cells |
60-80% |
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Water's high heat capacity allows it to _______ and _______ a large amount of heat before changing temperature itself |
absorb and release |
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Water's high heat of vaporization requires it to absorb _______ amounts of heat to break its ____________ bonds |
high, hydrogen |
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Water, coined the universal solvent, is a _________ solvent (polar/non-polar) |
polar |
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Water is an important ________ in many chemical processes |
reactant |
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Water provides a resilient ______ around organs to protect them from physical trauma |
cushion |
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Salts are ionic compounds containing _______ other than H+ and _________ other than OH- |
cations, anions |
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When salts are dissolved in water, they __________ into their component ions |
dissociate |
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All ions are ____________ |
electrolytes |
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Electrolytes are substances that conduct an electrical current in a ________ |
solution |
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Electrolytes include ______, acids & bases |
salts |
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Acids & Bases ________ and dissociate in water |
ionize |
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Acids & Bases can conduct an ________ current |
electrical |
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Acids have a ______ taste |
sour |
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Acids are proton ________ |
donors |
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Acids ________ hydrogen atoms when they are dissolved in water |
release |
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Bases have a _______ taste |
bitter |
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Bases feel ______ to the touch |
slippery |
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Bases are proton ________ |
acceptors |
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Bases _____ __ hydrogen atoms in detectable amounts |
take up |
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A _________ of hydrogen ions in a solution increases the acidity |
increase |
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pH scale is from ___-___ |
0-14 |
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Low numbers on the pH scale are ________ |
acidic |
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Basic is synonymous with ________ |
alkaline |
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A neutralization reaction happens when acids and bases are joined in a mixture, mixing the ___+ and ___- ions to neutralize it |
H+, OH- |
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Buffers maintain homoeostasis of acid-base balances by resisting changes in pH by __________ and _______ hydrogen ions as needed |
releasing, binding |
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The _______ and lungs help maintain the homeostasis of acid-base balances |
kidneys & lungs |
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Organic molecules are large but their interactions with other molecules typically only involve small, reactive parts of their structure called __________ ________ |
functional groups |
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Carbon is electro-_________ |
neutral |
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Because carbon is electro-neutral, it never loses or gains electrons, it only ______ them |
shares |
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Polymers are chain-like links of molecules made of monomers joined together by ____________ synthesis |
dehydration |
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In dehydration synthesis, an atom is removed from one monomer and a __________ group is removed from the monomer it is to be joined with |
hydroxyl |
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In dehydration synthesis, _________ bonds unite monomers, releasing a water molecule |
covalent |
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In hydrolysis, a water molecule is added to each bond being ________, releasing its building blocks or smaller molecules |
broken |
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Carbohydrates are a group of molecules including _______ & ________ |
sugars and starches |
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Carbohydrates represent ___-___% of cell mass |
1-2% |
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Three types of saccharides |
mono, di, poly |
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Monosaccharides are the building blocks of other __________ |
carbohydrates |
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The larger the carb molecule, the ______ soluble it is in water |
less |
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Monosaccharides are also known as ______-_____ |
simple sugars |
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Monosaccharides are single-chain/ring like structures containing __-__ carbon atoms |
3-7 |
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Isomers have the same molecular formula as their molecules, but their ______ are arranged differently |
atoms |
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Disaccharides are double sugars formed when two monosaccharides are joined together by ___________ __________ |
dehydration synthesis |
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Polysaccharides are polymers or simple sugars linked together by ___________ __________ |
dehydration synthesis |
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Polysaccharides are often large and ______. They are ideal storage products and lack sweetness. |
insoluble |
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Carbs provide a source of ______ for cells, and also play a small role in __________ purposes. |
fuel, structural |
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Lipids are _______ in water, but dissolve readily in other lipids and organic substances |
insoluble |
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Three types of lipids |
triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids |
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Triglycerides are also called _______ fats |
neutral |
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Triglycerides are _____ when solid and _____ when liquid |
fats, oils |
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Triglycerides provide the body with _______ energy and yield high amounts of it when oxidized |
stored |
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Triglycerides are composed of fatty acids and glycerols in a ___:___ ratio |
3:1 |
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Fatty acids are linear chains of _______ and ______ atoms with an organic group at one end |
carbon, hydrogen |
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Glycerol is a modified _______ sugar |
simple |
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Fat synthesis involves attaching ___ fatty acid chains to a single glycerol molecule via ___________ _________ |
3, dehydration synthesis |
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Triglycerides are ___________ molecules (polar/non polar) |
non polar |
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Saturated fats are fatty acid chains with only a single _______ bond between carbon atoms |
covalent |
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Fatty acids that contain one or more double bond between carbon atoms are said to be ______________ |
unsaturated |
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Unsaturated fats include _____unsaturated or _____unsaturated fats |
mono, poly |
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Trans fats are oils that have been solidified by the addition of ___ atoms at sites of _______ carbon bonds |
H, double |
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Phospholipids are modified ______________ |
triglycerides |
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Phospholipids are diglycerides with a ________-containing group and two fatty acid chains |
phosphorus |
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Phospholipid tails are __________ and their heads are _________ (polar/ non polar) |
non-polar, polar |
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Steroids are basically flat molecules made of four interlocking ___________ rings |
hydrocarbon |
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Steroids are _______ soluble and contain little oxygen |
fat |
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Steroids can be found in cell _________ |
membranes |
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Steroids synthesize vitamin ___, _________ hormones, and bile ______ |
D, steroid, salts |
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Eicosanoids are diverse lipids chiefly derived from a ___-carbon fatty acid found in all cell membranes |
20 |
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Most important eicosanoids are __________ and their relatives |
prostglandins |
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Proteins compose ___-___% of cell mass |
10-30% |
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Proteins include ________, hemoglobin, and contractile ________ proteins |
enzymes, muscle |
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Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, there are ____ common types |
20 |
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AAs have a basic group and an _______ group |
organic |
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Has can act as a proton acceptor (______) or proton donor (______) |
base, acid |
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Proteins are long chains of AAs joined together by ________ _________ |
dehydration synthesis |
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The bond of AAs to form proteins produces an arrangement of linked items called a __________ bond |
peptide |
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Primary structure of proteins involves a _______ sequence of AAs composing the polypeptide chain |
linear |
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The secondary structure of AAs involve the polypeptide chain twisting and ________ upon itself to form a _____-helix or a beta-pleated sheet |
bending, alpha |
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In the tertiary structure of proteins, a-helical or b-pleated regions of the polypeptide chain fold upon one another to produce a ball-like, ________ molecule |
globular |
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In the Quaternary structure, 2+ polypeptide chains aggregate in a regular manner to form a ________ protein |
complex |
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Fibrous proteins are also known as _______ proteins |
structural |
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Fibrous proteins are extended and _____-like |
strand |
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Collagen is an example of a _______ protein |
fibrous |
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Fibrous proteins are ________ in water and very stable |
insoluble |
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Fibrous proteins provide mechanical _________ and tensile _______ to body tissues |
support, strength |
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Globular proteins are also known as ___________ functional |
functional |
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Globular proteins are compact and ________ |
spherical |
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Globular proteins have at least __________ structure |
tertiary |
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Globular proteins are ________ soluble and chemically active |
water |
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Globular proteins provide ________, regulate growth/development, and act as _________ |
immunity, catalysts |
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Fibrous proteins are ________, but globular proteins are not |
stable |
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Activity of a protein depends on its ____ shape and intramolecular bonds |
3D |
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Hydrogen bonds are _________ and easily broken |
fragile |
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Denaturation occurs when proteins ______ and lose their shape |
unfold |
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Denaturation is affected by ___________ and ______ |
temperature and acidity |
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Enzymes are ________ proteins that act as biological catalysts |
globular |
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The two functional parts of an enzyme are collectively known as a __________ |
holoenzyme |
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One part of an enzyme is the protein portion known as an _________ |
apoenzyme |
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The second part of an enzyme is known as a ________ which may be an ion of metal or an organic molecule |
cofactor |
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The part of the enzyme where catalytic activity occurs is known as an _________ site |
active |
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A _______ is a substance on which an enzyme acts |
substrate |
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Most enzymes are named for the type of reaction they catalyze and end in _____ |
-ase |
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Nucleic Acids are the _______ molecules in the body |
largest |
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Nucleic Acids are composed of __, __, __, __, and _________ |
C, H, O, N, phosphorous |
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Two types of nucleic acids are |
DNA and RNA |
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Nucleotides are __________ _______ of nucleic acids |
structural units |
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Nucleotides consist of a _________-containing base, a _________ sugar, and a phosphate group |
nitrogen, pentose |
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Five varieties of nitrogen containing bases |
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil |
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Purines are large and there are two types: |
Adenine, Guanine |
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Nucleotides are the units of DNA composed of a ___________ ribose sugar molecule lined to a _________ group with a base attached to the sugar |
deoxyribose, phosphate |
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Nucleotides are linked by __________ bonds between their complementary bases |
hydrogen |
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DNA is called a double polymer of nucleotides (______ _______) |
double helix |
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Synthesis of a nucleotide involves the attachment of a ______ and a _________ group to a pentose sugar |
base, phosphate |
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DNA is found in the |
nucleus |
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DNA has two roles |
self replication, directions for protein synthesis |
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RNA is found |
outside the cell |
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RNA is a _______-______ of nucleotides |
single-strand |
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RNA carries out the ___________ from DNA |
instructions |
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DNA: A binds to ___, C binds to ___ |
T, G |
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RNA: A binds to ___, C binds to ___ |
U, G |
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Three varieties of RNA |
messenger, ribosomal, transfer |
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ATP- energy released during _______ metabolism is coupled to the synthesis of ATP |
glucose |
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ATP is the primary energy-________ molecule in cells |
transferring |
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ATP is structurally an ______-containing RNA nucleotide to which two additional phosphate groups have been added |
adenine |
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ATP is very ______ as an energy-storing molecule because of its three negatively charged phosphate groups |
unstable |
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When ATP's high-energy phosphate bonds are broken (_________), the molecule becomes more ________ |
hydrolyzed, stable |
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In the process of doing work, ATP loses a ____________ group |
phosphate |
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ATP is hydrolyzed to provide energy for cellular needs, and ______ accumulates |
ADP |
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Cell's ATP supplies are replenished as ________ and other fuel molecules are oxidized and their ______ energy is released |
glucose, bond |
