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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pyschology as a Science |
-Attempts to describe, predict, and explain thought and behavior -uses scientific method |
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Modern Views |
-Electic -Approach problems from multiple perspectives -Believe behaviors have multiple causes which they study |
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Theories |
-Organized systems of assumption that explain phenomena and their interrelationships |
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Hypotheses |
-Educated guess that attempts to predict or account for a situation or specify relationships among variables |
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Operational Definitions |
-Define terms in hypotheses by specifying the operations for observing and measuring the process/phenomenon |
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Research Methods |
-Naturalistic Observation -Laboratory Observation -Case studies -Surveys -Experiments -Experiments of Nature |
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Naturalistic Observation |
Ex: Observe behavior in its natural setting, attempts to avoid influencing or controlling it Advantage: Good way to collect normative data Disadvantage: You have to wait for behavior to occur naturally |
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Surveys |
-Collect data from groups of people using questionnaires or interviews -Data is useless unless sample is representative Advantage: can collect information such as attitude/beliefs Disadvantage: Subjects may lie or mislead |
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Case Studies |
-Observe one or a very few subjects in great depth usually over a long period of time Example: (Genie) Advantage: The only method appropriate for very unusual cases Disadvantage: Problems with generalizing the results |
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Phineas Gage |
-(1800's) - Survived an accident that changed his personality |
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Correlations Designs |
-The preceding methods are correlational -Determine if x and y go togther but not if x causes y |
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Correlation Coefficient |
-Numerical representation of the relationship between two variables -Range from -1.00 / + 1.00
Example: + 1.00 perfect direct relationship (As one's height increases so does his/her shoe size) -1.00 perfect inverse relationship (The more I drink starbucks less money in bank) |
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Correlation |
-Cannot imply causation due to (Directionality problems, 3rd variables) |
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Experiments |
-Can make causal claims Advantage: -manipulation removes confounds. -Random assignment of subjects. Disadvantage: -Peoples behavior changes during experiments -Artifical environment results are less applicable to the real world |
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Independent Varibale |
- What is being handled? (Manipulated) |
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Dependent Variable |
-What is being measured? |
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Humans (subjects used in Psychological Research) |
- 90% volunteer or paid for their time (most college students) |
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Animals (subjects used in Psychological Research) |
- 10% raised in laboratories usually albino rats or primates |
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Informed Consent |
-Prospective should receive enough info to let them discuss freely whether to participate. Freedom: to withdraw at any time -Minimize discomfort -Keep data confidential |
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Deception (unethical) |
- 1960 Milgram Experiment
(Teacher who administered shock (25-450mV to a learner if he/she answered incorrectly) |
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Ethics of studying animals |
-To conduct basic research -to discover practical applications -To study issues that cannot be studies experimentally with human beings -To clarify theoretical questions -To improve human welfare |
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Descriptive Research |
-Naturalistic Observation, surveys, case studies |
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Correlational Research |
-Relationships only no cause and effect |
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Experimental |
-Manipulat variables, cause/effect determined but artifical environment alters behavior |