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8 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

The Emphasis on Individualism and Materialism

A. Principles of Early Economic Systems:


1. Reciprocity - Neighborliness, trading with one another.


2. Redistribution - Ensuring that everyone has enough.


3. Householding - Being a good steward of resources for the sake of the family or larger community.


B. Individualism - God calls individuals to specific work.


C. Materialism - Religion produces industry and frugality that lead to the accumulation wealth, which is no longer a vice. Pursuit of self-interested material wealth locks people into an iron cage and deprives them of their humanity.

The Increasing Dominance and Size of Corporations

A. Early Large Organizations:


1. Roman Catholic church


2. Guilds


3. Nation and city-states


4. Empires


B. Early Small Organizations


1. Cottage industries


2. Family firms


C. Factors Leading to Larger Organizations


1. Specialization of labor


2. Division of labor


a. Adam Smith’s pin factory example


b. Rationalization increased productivity


D. Advent of Corporations


1. Corporations as legal citizens


2. Limited liability of shareholders

Five Eras of Management Thought

1. 1910-1930 Organizing: best structure


2. 1930-1950 Leading: roles and styles


3. 1950-1970 Planning: higher productivity


4. 1970-1990 Controlling: orderly workplace


5. 1990-present Reconsidering: paradigm shift

The Classical Era (1910 - 1930)

A. Scientific Management (Micro Approach) - Focused on defining and maximizing the productivity of individual jobs.


1. Frederick W. Taylor (systematic work)


2. Henry Gantt (Gantt chart)


3. Frank B. Gilbreth (time and motion studies)


B. Bureaucracy (Macro Approach) - Focused on the structure and functions of management in order to maximize productivity of the overall organization. Max Weber’s view of maturing organizations. It relies on:


1. Employee competencies


2. Positional authority within a formal structure


3. Rules and procedures for efficient and productive structures


C. Henri Fayol (1841-1925) - Posited the four functions of management and other principles:


1. Unity of command - Each employee reports to only one superior.


2. Unity of direction - Managers and employees are guided by a single plan of action.


3. Scalar chain - A chain of authority extends from the top to the bottom of the organization hierarchy that includes every employee.

The Human Era (1930 - 1950)

A. Mary Parker Follett (1868-1933) - The “mother” of the leading era who emphasized the human (behavioral) side of management.


1. Authority should go to the worker whose knowledge and experience makes them best able to serve the company.


2. Managers should facilitate the work of subordinates rather than control them.


3. Drew from sociology and psychology to help managers see people as a collection of beliefs and emotions.


B. Lillian Gilbreth (1878-1972) - Focused on human resource management. Studied ways to reduce job stress & advocated:


1. Standard work days.


2. Child-labor laws.


3. Protection of workers from unsafe working conditions.


C. Chester Bernard (1886-1961) - Focused on leadership and the informal organization:


1. Social groups and cliques form alongside the organization’s formal structures.


2. Organizations should not be managed impersonally.


3. Employees have a “zone of indifference”—those activities that they will not rebel against doing.


D. The Hawthorne Effect


Research results:


1. Indicated workers’ productivity will increase whenever managers treat them with respect.


2. Suggested that relationships are important in understanding behavior in organizations.


3. Served as a turning point in the evolution of management thought, from the classical era to the human era.

The Human Relations Movement

A. Human Relations Movement - Focused on managerial actions that would increase employee satisfaction in order to improve productivity. Movement emphasized:


1. Managers using social skills to motivate employees.


2. Designing jobs that are more humane and less fatiguing.


B. Theory X and Y - Douglas McGregor (1906-1964)


1. Theory X managers:


a. Assume people are lazy, dislike work, will avoid working hard, and prefer to be directed.


b. Design structures and systems that ensure people will work hard:


I. Control systems


II. Assembly lines


III. Piece-rate pay systems


IV. Threats of layoff


2. Theory Y managers assume:


a. Workers should be allowed to use their full selves.


b. Work is as natural as play.


c. People are inherently motivated to work.


d. People will feel unfulfilled without the opportunity. to work and contribute to society.


e. Workers prefer control over their work.


f. People will take responsibility for their work.


- Management is challenged to provide the support necessary to allow people to excel at their work.

The Calculating Era (1950 - 1970)

A. Management Science


1. Operations research - Emphasizes mathematical model building.


2. Operations management - Uses quantitative techniques to make decisions to produce goods and services more efficiently:


a. Break-even analysis


b. Forecasting


c. Inventory modeling


d. Linear programming


B. Systems Theory - Considers the complexity of managing organizations.


1. Closed system - A self-contained and self-sufficient unit that is subject to failure due to entropy.


2. Open system - An organization that gains synergy in interacting with other entities in its larger environment.


C. The Contingency View


1. Bounded Rationality (Herbert Simon) - is the management decision-making process is limited by a lack of complete information and limited cognitive ability when processing information.


2. According to Burns and Stalker:


a. Mechanistic structures in stable environments.


b. Organic structures in dynamic environments.


3. Strategic Choice Theory (John Child) - Key decisions of the dominant coalition:


a. What will constitute “effective” organizational performance.


b. In which external “domain” (open system) will the organization choose to compete.


c. What forms will the organization’s internal structures and systems will take and how will they be integrated.

The Values & Beliefs Era (1970 - 1990)

A. Institutionalization - Occurs when practices or rules have become “valued” in and of themselves, even though they may no longer be useful. Why it happens:


1. Dysfunctional social or cultural “scripts”


2. Irrational social norms


3. Peer pressure


4. Simple inertia


B. The Social Construction Of Reality


1. What we experience as “real” has actually been socially-constructed.


2. Once acted upon, socially-constructed facts of life become true for ourselves and others.


3. “Symbolic” management roles and leadership create “meaning” for others.