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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Forms of struggle and rise of nationalism in Malaysia |
1.Struggleusing arms 2.Strugglethrough forms of writing 3.Strugglethrough organizational movements |
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MALAYAN UNION |
On 10 October 1945,British Parliament create Malayan Union |
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Reasons of introducing Malayan Union |
1. To unify the different administrative systems and to improve the efficiency of the overall administration. -Separate systems like the FMS,SS and UFMS needed huge administrative costs and were not uniform. Unification of these separate systems would benefit the British politically, economically and socially. -The formation of this union would also further ensure British control over the Malay Peninsula economy -Malaya was rich with tin and rubber, which were important sources of income for the British
2.British had an anti-Malay sentiment -This was because the Malays co-operated with the Japanese during the Japanese occupation. -The formation of the Malayan Union could control and restrict the power of the Malay people
3.An attempt by the British at implementing a system where the locals ruled, but adhered to the British political system
4.To unite the politics of Malaya -The formation of the Union would integrate the Chinese, Indians and Malays into one strong united Malayan community. -This would then lead to immigrants shifting their loyalties from their former homelands to the Malay Peninsula and their economic wealth to remain in Malaya
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Main objective of Malayan Union |
to ensure that the economic interests of British inMalaya were protected |
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Features of Malayan Union |
Malayan citizenship was obtained if 1.The foreigner was 18 and above, and had resided in Malaya for 10 out of a period of 15 years before 15 February 1942 2.A person who was born in Malaya after the forming of the Malayan Union. 3..In reality the adoption of jus soli principle would erode the majority position ofthe Malays in Malaya |
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Sir Harold MacMicheal was appointed as the British representative and was assigned to procure the signatures of consent from the nine Malay Sultans |
1.The granting of citizenship to the non-Malays 2.Erosion of Malay rulers’ power and sovereignty 3.Mac Michael’s threats in getting the rulers to sign the agreement 4.Malayan Union was formed without input from the Malays |
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Jus soli |
Malayan citizenship was obtained if 1.The foreigner was 18 and above, and had resided in Malaya for 10 out of a period of 15 years before 15 February 1942 2.A person who was born in Malaya after the forming of the Malayan Union. 3..In reality the adoption of jus soli principle would erode the majority position ofthe Malays in Malaya |
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Reasons Malays opposed Malayan Union |
-The British Government finally agreed to replace the Malayan Union with a new forof government known as the Federation of Malaya. -A workingcommittee was formed on 25 July to draw a new constitution. -Thecommittee members consisted of 6 British officers, 4 representatives of the Malay rulers and 2 UMNO representative -The British reinstated the rights of the Malaya because of pressure from the Malays and former British administrators (Consultative Committee) -Howeverthe constitution too was opposed by other groups, especially the non-Malays andthe Malay community itself |
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Opposition Towards MU |
1.The Malays showed their discontent through publications such as Majlis and Utusan Melayu 2.Dato' Onn Jaafar, the president of the Johore Malay Association, when he held a conference with 41 Malay Associations at the Sultan Sulaiman Club, Kuala Lumpur from 1 March to 4 March 1946. The Congress agreed to boycott the launch of the Malayan Union by urging the Malay Sultans not to attend the official ceremony to appoint the Governor of the Malayan Union, Sir Edward Gent 3.Demonstrations in the main towns of Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru and Alor Star 4.United Malays National Organization (UMNO) being officially formed on 11 Malay 1964 5.Women protested against the Malayan Union, namely Zaharah Abdullah in Johore, Halimahton Abdul Majid in Negeri Sembilan, and Saleha Ali in Selangor 6.Other races opposed the MU. They voiced their opposition through the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU) 7.The British had suggested that Singapore not be included in this Union |
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The failure of the Malayan Union |
-Not all the Malays were members of UMNO -PUTERA was formed by other parties such as API, PKMM andAWAS -PUTERA nursed the ambition of making Malaya a republic andcriticized UMNO leadership -PUTERAfought on 4 principles: 1.The Malay language be made the country’s official language 2.External affairs and defense be made the joint responsibility of the Malayan Government and the British 3.The word“Malay” be used as the name for Malayan citizenship 4.The national flag to have Malay national colors |
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Governor of MU |
Sir Edward Gent |
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Dato Onn' Jaafar held a conference at where? |
Sultan Sulaiman Club |
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Women who protested against MU? |
Zaharah Abdullah in Johore Halimahton Abdul Majid in Negeri Sembilan Saleha Ali in Selangor |
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Where the other races voiced their opposition? |
through the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU) |
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Due to the overwhelming opposition, Sir Edward Gent was forced to negotiate with the Malay Sultans and Dato' Onn Jaafar |
Finally, the Malayan Union was abolished and replaced with a new administration, known as the FMS |
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The ex-British officers who disapprove MU? |
Frank Swettenham R.O.Windstedt George Maxwell |
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On 1 April 1946, the Malayan Union came into existence, with Sir Edward Gent as the first governor |
The local community boycotted the appointment ceremony of the Governor and mourned for a week by wearing a white band on their songkok |
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Federation of Malaya |
-The British Government finally agreed to replace the Malayan Union with a new forof government known as the Federation of Malaya. -A workingcommittee was formed on 25 July to draw a new constitution. -Thecommittee members consisted of 6 British officers, 4 representatives of the Malay rulers and 2 UMNO representative -The British reinstated the rights of the Malaya because of pressure from the Malays and former British administrators (Consultative Committee) -Howeverthe constitution too was opposed by other groups, especially the non-Malays andthe Malay community itself |
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Opposition from AMCJA(AllMalayan Council of Joint Action) |
- Non Malays inparticular the members of the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU) criticized andobjected to the Working Committee as it did not include any non Malays. -22 December 1946, thenon Malays communities established the All Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) to apposed the new proposal -Tan ChengLock led the AMCJA and fought on the following 3 principles: 1.Unificationof the whole of Malaya (including Singapore) 2.Self rulethrough a Central Legislation body with members chosen by the people 3.Samecitizenship rights for all who consider Malaya their homeland deserving oftheir allegiance. |
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Opposition from PUTERA |
-Not all the Malays were members of UMNO -PUTERA was formed by other parties such as API, PKMM andAWAS -PUTERA nursed the ambition of making Malaya a republic andcriticized UMNO leadership -PUTERAfought on 4 principles: 1.The Malay language be made the country’s official language 2.External affairs and defense be made the joint responsibility of the Malayan Government and the British 3.The word“Malay” be used as the name for Malayan citizenship 4.The national flag to have Malay national colors |
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AMCJA-PUTERA front |
-AMCJA andPUTERA team up to oppose establishment of the Federation Malaya -Closingof shops and offices as a sign of protest - Thecoalition showed that communities of different backgrounds could join togetherfor the same cause |
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AMCJA-PUTERA 10 suggestions----the People's Constitution |
1.Singapore be reunited with Malaya 2.The formation of a central legislature whose members were elected by the people 3.Equal rights for all the people who lived in the Malay Peninsula 4.The sovereignty of the Malay Sultans be retained, but only as a Constitutional Monarchy 5.Malays to have authority over Malay customs and Islamic matters 6.Malays be given special priority so that they would have the opportunity to make rapid economic progress 7.Bahasa Melayu be made the official language of the country 8.Matters of foreign relations and defence be shouldered by both Malaya and the British government 9.All citizens who lived in the Malay Peninsula be known as "Melayu" 10.The national flag to contain the national colours of the Malays |
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the British realized the importance of the non-Malay community's reaction. A Consultative Committee was formed (consisted of British officers and non-Malays) |
to discuss the aforementioned suggestions/conditions |
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The Launch of the Federation of Malaya |
On 21st February 1948 thefederation of Malaya was established |
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Federation of Malaya |
-The Malay rulers were given back their rights over their ownstates but only with the counsel of the State Council and State ExecutiveCouncil -Conditionfor citizenship were to be tightened, whereby an applicant must have been bornand been a resident in Malaya for at least 8 out of 12years, or have been 15 out of 20 years. Theminimum age for both cases was 18 years and must have goodcommand for Bahasa Melayu -Malayswere given special rights as the indigenous people -Themajority of representatives in Federalgovernment and State government must be Malay |
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The Emergence of Major Political Parties |
1.UnitedMalays National Organization (UMNO) 2.MalayanIndian Congress (MIC) 3.TheMalayan Chinese Association (MCA) 4.TheAlliance Party-Multiracial political party. |
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Reasons of introducing Malayan Union |
1. To unify the different administrative systems and to improve the efficiency of the overall administration. -Separate systems like the FMS,SS and UFMS needed huge administrative costs and were not uniform. Unification of these separate systems would benefit the British politically, economically and socially. -The formation of this union would also further ensure British control over the Malay Peninsula economy -Malaya was rich with tin and rubber, which were important sources of income for the British 2.British had an anti-Malay sentiment -This was because the Malays co-operated with the Japanese during the Japanese occupation. -The formation of the Malayan Union could control and restrict the power of the Malay people 3.An attempt by the British at implementing a system where the locals ruled, but adhered to the British political system 4.To unite the politics of Malaya -The formation of the Union would integrate the Chinese, Indians and Malays into one strong united Malayan community. -This would then lead to immigrants shifting their loyalties from their former homelands to the Malay Peninsula and their economic wealth to remain in Malaya |
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Sir Harold MacMicheal was appointed as the British representative and was assigned to procure the signatures of consent from the nine Malay Sultans |
-TheBritish aim in establishing the Federation of Malaya was to run the country -Racialunity was necessary before the country could be given independence |
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Opposition Towards MU |
1.The Malays showed their discontent through publications such as Majlis and Utusan Melayu 2.Dato' Onn Jaafar, the president of the Johore Malay Association, when he held a conference with 41 Malay Associations at the Sultan Sulaiman Club, Kuala Lumpur from 1 March to 4 March 1946. The Congress agreed to boycott the launch of the Malayan Union by urging the Malay Sultans not to attend the official ceremony to appoint the Governor of the Malayan Union, Sir Edward Gent 3.Demonstrations in the main towns of Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru and Alor Star 4.United Malays National Organization (UMNO) being officially formed on 11 Malay 1964 5.Women protested against the Malayan Union, namely Zaharah Abdullah in Johore, Halimahton Abdul Majid in Negeri Sembilan, and Saleha Ali in Selangor 6.Other races opposed the MU. They voiced their opposition through the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU) 7.The British had suggested that Singapore not be included in this Union |
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Governor of MU |
Sir Edward Gent |
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Dato Onn' Jaafar held a conference at where? |
Sultan Sulaiman Club |
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|
Women who protested against MU? |
Zaharah Abdullah in Johore Halimahton Abdul Majid in Negeri Sembilan Saleha Ali in Selangor |
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Where the other races voiced their opposition? |
through the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU) |
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On 1 April 1946, the Malayan Union came into existence, with Sir Edward Gent as the first governor |
The local community boycotted the appointment ceremony of the Governor and mourned for a week by wearing a white band on their songkok |
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Due to the overwhelming opposition, Sir Edward Gent was forced to negotiate with the Malay Sultans and Dato' Onn Jaafar |
Finally, the Malayan Union was abolished and replaced with a new administration, known as the FMS |
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The ex-British officers who disapprove MU? |
Frank Swettenham R.O.Windstedt George Maxwell |
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AMCJA-PUTERA 10 suggestions----the People's Constitution |
1.Singapore be reunited with Malaya 2.The formation of a central legislature whose members were elected by the people 3.Equal rights for all the people who lived in the Malay Peninsula 4.The sovereignty of the Malay Sultans be retained, but only as a Constitutional Monarchy 5.Malays to have authority over Malay customs and Islamic matters 6.Malays be given special priority so that they would have the opportunity to make rapid economic progress 7.Bahasa Melayu be made the official language of the country 8.Matters of foreign relations and defence be shouldered by both Malaya and the British government 9.All citizens who lived in the Malay Peninsula be known as "Melayu" 10.The national flag to contain the national colours of the Malays |
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the British realized the importance of the non-Malay community's reaction. A Consultative Committee was formed (consisted of British officers and non-Malays) |
to discuss the aforementioned suggestions/conditions |
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UMNO |
-founded on 11 May 1946 -by Dato' Onn Jaafar, the first UMNO president -Reason: 1.To oppose the Malayan Union 2.To unite the Malays and defend the special rights of the Malays -party members used the slogan 'Hidup Melayu' (Long Live the Malays) -UMNO emerged as the strongest party that represented the Malays and played a central role in demanding independence for Malaya |
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The Malayan Indian Congress (MIC) |
-founded on 8 August 1946 -first MIC president was John A.Thivy -Another notable figure from the party was Tun Sambanthan -Reason: 1.protect the political, economic, and social interests of the Indian community in Malaya 2.fight for political rights for the whole Malaya 3.represent the Indian community by conveying their opinions to the government |
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The Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) |
-founded on 27 February 1949 -founder: Leong Yew Koh -first president was Tun Tan Cheng Lock -Reason: 1.To protect the rights of the Chinese 2.To maintain the harmony amongst the various races in the country -When it was first formed,the MCA was only a welfare centre.In 1952, the party officially became a political party |
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The Alliance Party |
-In the 1952 Malayan General Elections in Kuala Lumpur, the leaders of the Selangor UMNO and the Kuala Lumpur MCA decided to work together and form a multiracial political party -In this election, the UMNO-MCA alliance won 9 out of 12 seats contested -The success of this partnership resulted in a formula that reflected the efforts to establish cooperation between the races for mutual interests -In 1955, UMNO-MCA-MIC partnership which formed the Alliance Party showed the cooperation between the three main ethnic groups in the Malay Peninsula -In 1955 Malayan General Elections, the Alliance Party won 51 out of 52 seats that were contested. This victory also led to fresh negotiations for independence for the Federated States of Malaya. The landslide victory was a clear signal of national unity among the various ethnic groups and proof that the locals were ready to rule their own country. |
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Independence of Malaya Party (IMP) |
-the first UMNO president, Dato' Onn Jaafar, left the party to form the Independence of Malaya Party (IMP) -Reason: to realize Dato' Onn's idea that the cooperation between races could form the basis for the creation of a single party, or 'to show signs of adopting a more liberal attitude towards the non-Malays -Membership of the party was open to all races with the objective of obtaining independence in 10 years -Dato' Onn had previously tried to make UMNO a multiracial political party, but his idea was not well-received. |
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Islamic political parties |
1.Hizbul Muslimin,which was formed with the intention of forming an Islamic country 2.Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) was formed to make Islam the official religion of the country, Bahasa Melayu as the national language, and tighten the conditions for citizenship. PAS also intended to form an Islamic country |
