Chapter 2

Front 1

Agricultural Density

Back 1

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.

Front 2

Arithmetic Density

Back 2

Total number of people divided by total land area.

Front 3

Census

Back 3

A complete enumeration of a population.

Front 4

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Back 4

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Front 5

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Back 5

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Front 6

Demographic Transition

Back 6

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population.

Front 7

Demography

Back 7

The scientific study of population characteristics

Front 8

Dependency Ratio

Back 8

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force.

Front 9

Doubling Time

Back 9

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Front 10

Ecumene

Back 10

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Front 11

Epidemiologic Transition

Back 11

Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.

Front 12

Epidemiology

Back 12

The branch of medical sciences concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality.

Front 13

Industrial Revolution

Back 13

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufactured goods.

Front 14

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Back 14

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Front 15

Life Expectancy

Back 15

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

Front 16

Medical Revolution

Back 16

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that diffused to the poorer countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

Front 17

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

Back 17

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Front 18

Overpopulation

Back 18

A situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Front 19

Pandemic

Back 19

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

Front 20

Physiological Density

Back 20

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is suitable for agriculture.

Front 21

Population Pyramid

Back 21

A bar graph that represents the distribution of a population by age and sex.

Front 22

Sex Ratio

Back 22

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Front 23

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Back 23

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Front 24

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

Back 24

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.