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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Membrane Transport
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movement of substances into and out of the cell
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Cell Membranes
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selectively permeable; some substances can pass through but others cannot
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Two Methods of Transport
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Passive and Active Process
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Diffusion
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particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution
movement is from high concentration to low concentration; or down in concentration gradient |
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Simple Diffusion
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an unassisted process
solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores (fats, fat-soluble vitamins, oxygen, CO2) |
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Osmosis (simple diffusion of water)
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highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through aquaporins (water pores)
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Facilitated Diffusion
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substances require a protein carrier for passive transportation
transports lipid-insoluble and large substances (glucose) |
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Four Primary Types of Tissues
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Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium)
Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue |
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Epithelial Tissues (Location)
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body coverings
body linings glandular tissue |
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Epithelial Tissues (Function)
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protection
absorption filtration secretion |
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Epithelial Tissue
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cells fit closely together and often form sheets
apical surface is the free surface of the tissue lower surface of the epithelium rests on a basement membrane avascular (no blood supply of their own) regenerates easily if well nourished |
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Simple Squamous Epithelial
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single layer of flat cells
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Simple Squamous Epithelial (location)
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usually forms membranes
lines body cavities lines lungs and capillaries |
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Simple Squamous Epithelial (function)
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diffusion, filtration, or secretion in membranes
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelial
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single layer of cube-like cells
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelial (location)
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common in glands and their ducts
forms walls of kidney tubules covers the ovaries |
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelial (function)
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secretion and absorption
ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells |
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Simple Columnar Epithelial
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single layer of tall cells
often includes mucus-producing goblet cells |
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Simple Columnar Epithelial (location)
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lines digestive tract
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Simple Columnar Epithelial (function)
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secretion and absorption
ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells |
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial
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single layer, but some cells are shorter than others
often looks like a double layer of cells but all cells rest on the basement membrane |
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial (location)
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respiratory tract, where it is ciliated
mucus from goblet cells trap dirt and cilia push it away from the lungs |
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial (function)
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absorption and secretion
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Stratified Squamous Epithelial
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cells at the apical surface are flattened
layers of flattened cells |
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Stratified Squamous Epithelial (location)
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lining of the skin, mouth, and esophagus
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Stratified Squamous Epithelial (function)
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a protective covering where friction is common
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial
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rare in human body
found mainly in ducts or large glands |
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Transitional Epithelial
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composed of modified stratified squamous epithelial
shape of the cells depends on the amount of stretching |
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Transitional Epithelial (location)
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lines organs of the urinary system
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Transitional Epithelial (function)
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stretching and the ability to return to normal shape
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Gland
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one or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product
secretions contain protein molecules in an aqueous fluid |
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Endocrine Gland
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ductless since secretions diffuse into blood vessels
all secretions are hormones |
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Exocrine Gland
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Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
include sweat and oil glands |
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Connective Tissue
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found everywhere in the body
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Connective Tissue (function)
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binds body tissues together
supports the body provides protection |
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Connective Tissue (characteristics)
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variations in blood supply:
some tissue types are well vascularized some hove poor blood supple or are avascular |
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Extracellular Matrix
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non-living material that surrounds living cells
two main elements: Ground substances fibers |
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Collagen (white) fibers
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high tensile strength
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Elastic (yellow) fibers
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ability to stretch and recoil
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Reticular Fibers
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form internal skeleton of soft organs
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Connective Tissue Types
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bone (osseous tissue)
hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage elastic cartilage dense connective tissue loose connective tissue adipose tissue reticular connective tissue blood |
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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under voluntary control:
striated multinucleate (more than one nucleus) long, cylindrical cells |
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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under involuntary control
only located in heart: striated one nucleus per cell cells are attatched to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks |
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
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under involuntary muscle
found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, and blood vessels |
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Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Cells
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no visible striations
one nucleus per cell spindle-shaped cells |
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Regeneration
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replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
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Fibrosis
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repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar tissue)
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Stages of Repair
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inflammation
granulation tissue forms regeneration of surface epithelial |
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Inflammation
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capillaries become very permeable
clotting proteins migrate into the area from the blood stream a clot walls off the injured area scab formed where clot is exposed to air |
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Granulation Tissue forms
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growth of new capillaries (delicate pink tissue)
phagocytes get rid of clot and dead cells rebuild collagen fibers (scar tissue) |
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Phagocytes
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eat all the garbage in the would (pacman)
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Regeneration of Surface Epithelium
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scab detaches
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Tissues that Generate Easily
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epithelial tissue (skin and mucus membranes)
fibrous connective tissues and bone |
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Tissues that Generate Poorly
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skeletal muscles
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Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
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cardiac muscle
nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord |
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Embryonic Development
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cells begin to specialize to form primary tissues
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Developmental Aspects of Tissues
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most cells (except nerve cells) continue to divide until the end of puberty
after puberty, skin and intestinal cells continue to divide liver cells stop dividing but still can if necessary aging process begins once maturity has been reached |