Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Genes
|
units of information about specific traits
|
|
Genes are passed from?
|
Parents to offspring
|
|
what are genes chemical instructions for?
|
buliding proteins
|
|
specific location of a gene on a chromosome?
|
locus
|
|
diploid cells have how many copies of each gene?
|
two copies of each gene, on pairs of homologous chromosomes
|
|
all copies of a gene deal with the same trait, why might their information about it vary?
|
due to chemical differences between them
|
|
allele
|
each version of a gene
|
|
what do contrasting alleles produce?
|
much of the variations we see in traits
|
|
homozygous condition
|
two copies of a gene are identical alleles
|
|
heterozygous condition
|
two allele copies are different
|
|
when is an allele dominant?
|
when its effect on a trait masks that of any recessive allele paired with it (Aa)
|
|
homozygous dominant
|
pair of dominant alleles (AA)
|
|
homozygous recessive
|
pair of recessive alleles (aa)
|
|
heterozygous
|
pair of non-identical alleles (Aa)
|
|
genotype
|
alleles a person inherits
|
|
phenotype
|
observable functional or physical traits
|
|
example of a phenotype
|
attached ear lobes
|
|
segregation
|
seperation of gamete pairs
|
|
probability
|
a measure of the chance that some particular outcome will occur
|
|
what is probabilty a factor in?
|
the inheritance of single-gene traits
|
|
punnet square
|
grid for determining the probable outcome of genetic crosses
|
|
laws of probability
|
1.the most probable outcome doesnt have to occur
2.in a given genetic situation, probability doesn't change |
|
testcross
|
used to learn the genotype of a (nonhuman) organism
|
|
independent assortment
|
the reason most traits are inherited independently and it occurs during meiosis
|
|
when considering more than one trait, the gene for each trait is inherrited..?
|
independently of the gene for other traits
|
|
how many ways can each pair of homologous parent chromosomes line up before the pairs become seperated?
|
two ways, how each lines up is a random process
|
|
two possible allignments in independent assortment chromosomes
|
AAaa Aaaa
BBbb bbBB |
|
possible combinations of alleles in gametes
|
AB,ab,Ab,aB
|
|
what does a punnet square show?
|
the probabilities a child will inherit a particular combination of single-gene traits
|
|
how many gamete unions are possible when each parent is heterozygous for the two genes in question?
|
16 different gamete unions
9/16 3/16 3/16 1/16 |
|
when is a gene "expressed"?
|
when its instructions are carried out and the cell make the protein
|
|
pleiotropy
|
wide-ranging effect of a single gene
|
|
codominance
|
both alleles are expressed
|
|
multiple allele system
|
gene that has three or more alleles
|
|
penetrance
|
probability that someone who inherits an allele will have the phenotype associated with it
|
|
polygenetic traits
|
result from the combine expression of several genes
|
|
continuous variation
|
members show a range of continuous differences in some trait
|
|
multifactorial trait
|
complex phenotypes that are shaped by more than one gene and also by some aspect of the individuals enviorment
|
|
height is an example of?
|
continuous variation and a multifactorial trait
|
|
the enviorment can effect?
|
phenotypes
|