Chapter 19 A&p 2

Front 1

Arteries

Back 1

Carry blood away from the ❤️

Front 2

Veins

Back 2

Carry blood toward the ❤️

Front 3

_________ the site of gas exchange & nutrients passing into the tissue space for cellular needs.

Back 3

Capillaries

Front 4

Tunic Layers

Back 4

Interna/Intima Layer

Media Layer

External Layer

Hint 4

I

M

E

Front 5

Interna/Intima Layer

Back 5

The innermost Layer lining the lumen with squamous shape endothelial cells

Hint 5

“Internal”

Front 6

Media Layer

Back 6

Comprised of elastic fibers and smooth muscle which is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system for control of vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Hint 6

“Middle”

Front 7

Externa Layer

Back 7

Collagen Fibers that protect and reinforce vessels

Hint 7

“External”

Front 8

Lumen

Back 8

Central blood-containing space surrounded by the tunics

Front 9

Both arteries and veins contain ____________________ however they may differ in the amount or quantity of specific layer of tissue(s) such as the tunica media or smooth muscle

Back 9

All 3 tunic layers

Front 10

Capillaries??

Back 10

Smallest blood vessels

Front 11

________ walls consist of single cell thickness of endothelial cells.

Only allow a single RBC to pass at a time

Back 11

Capillaries

Front 12

3 types of capillaries

Back 12

Continuous

Fenestrated

Sinusoids

Hint 12

C

F

S

Front 13

Continuous

Back 13

Found in skin and muscles

Uninterrupted lining of tight junctions

Intercellular cleft spaces allow for the passage of fluids and solubilized products within the fluids

Front 14

Fenestrated

Back 14

Found in small intestines, endocrine glands, kidneys.

Endothelial lining consist of pores for greater permeability

Front 15

Sinusoids

Back 15

Found in liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue.

Very leaky endothelium to allow for passage of large molecules such as proteins and blood cells.

Front 16

Vascular Shunt

Back 16

Channel Connecting an arteriole directly w/ a venule (vein) through the capillary bed

Front 17

Pre-capillary Sphincter

Back 17

Band of smooth muscle surrounding a true capillary

Under stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system contracts the smooth muscle band to shunt blood from non-vital areas to areas where oxygenated blood is in more demand

Front 18

Veins have large capacitance vessels w/ __________ walls than arteries, designed to return blood to the ❤️

Back 18

THINNER

Front 19

Veins contain “________” to prevent the back flow of blood

Back 19

Valves

Front 20

Blood pressure

Back 20

Force exerted on the wall of blood vessels

Provides the driving force to keep blood moving

Front 21

Varicose veins

Back 21

Dilated and painful veins due to incompetent (leaky) valves

Front 22

Venous BP alone is too low to promote adequate blood return and is aided by?

Back 22

Respiratory “pump”

Muscular “pump”

Sympathetic venoconstriction

Hint 22

R

M

SVC

Front 23

Respiratory “pump”

Back 23

Pressure changes created during breathing

Front 24

Muscular “pump”

Back 24

Contraction of skeletal muscles “milk” blood towards the ❤️

Front 25

Muscular “pump”

Back 25

Contraction of skeletal muscles “milk” blood towards the ❤️

Front 26

Sympathetic Venoconstriction

Back 26

Under sympathetic control, smooth muscles constrict, pushing blood back toward the ❤️

Front 27

Resistance

Back 27

Opposition to blood flow

Front 28

Sources of resistance are ...?

Back 28

Blood Viscosity

Total blood vessel length

Blood vessel diameter

Front 29

Viscosity & blood vessels length remain relatively __________ however changes in vessels diameter frequently alter peripheral resistance

Back 29

Constant

Front 30

Larger Diameter = ? = ?

Back 30

Lower resistance

Decreased BP

Front 31

Smaller diameter = ? = ?

Back 31

Greater resistance

Increased BP

Front 32

Systemic BP

Back 32

Pressure exerted on arterial walls during ventricular contraction.

Highest pressure is in the aorta and zero pressure in the right atrium

Front 33

Diastolic BP

Back 33

Pressure exerted on arterial walls during ventricular relaxation

Front 34

Capillary pressure ranges from _____ -> ______ mm Hg

Back 34

20-40 mmHg

Enough pressure to drive nutrients and gases into the tissue space but not high enough to rupture the thin endothelial walls

Front 35

Lacerated “veins” have a smooth blood flow while lacerated arterial blood flows in spurts. This is due to?

Back 35

Varying degrees of pressure in each conduit

Front 36

Maintaining blood pressure

Back 36

Cardiac output

Peripheral resistance

Blood volume

Hint 36

CO

PH

BV

Front 37

Short term control of BP

Back 37

Mediated through the sympathetic nervous system by altering vessel diameter there for resistance

Front 38

Vasoconstriction = ? = ?

Back 38

Increased Resistance

Higher BP

Front 39

Vasodilation = ? = ?

Back 39

Decreased resistance

Lower BP

Front 40

“Short term control” originates out of the?

Back 40

“vasomotor center “

Front 41

Vasometer center

Back 41

Sympathetic neurons in the medulla of the brain stem which regulates blood vessel diameter

Front 42

Cardiovascular center

Back 42

Also located in the medulla or brain stem

Controls BP by altering CO and blood vessel diameter, consists of the “ Cardioacceleratory Center” and the “Cardiohibitory Center” to speed up and slow down heart rate respectively

Front 43

Long term control of BP

Back 43

Altering blood volume (“direct renal mechanism”) or regulated through releases of hormones from the kidneys which is the “indirect renal mechanism”

Indirect process is thru the release of hormones

Renin -> Angiotensin 2 -> aldosterone -> ADH

Front 44

Angiotensin 2

Back 44

Vasoconstrictor (^ resistance to blood flow and BP)

Front 45

Aldosterone

Back 45

Regulates electrolytes and will preserve more sodium (& potassium) in the body therefor keep more water in the body as well, ^ BP

Front 46

Aldosterone stimulates ADH

Back 46

Which decreases urine excretion and builds up fluid volume

Front 47

Hypotension

Back 47

Low BP w/ systolic pressure below 100 mmHg

Front 48

Orthostatic hypotension

Back 48

Temporary low BP related to posture or suddenly rising from a seated or lying position

Front 49

Hypertension

Back 49

Sustained elevated BP

“Silent killer”

Front 50

Chronic elevated BP is major cause of ...

Back 50

Heart disease

Renal failure

Vascular disease

stroke

Front 51

Primary Hypertension

Back 51

Elevated BP NOT associated w/ an identifiable particular cause

Front 52

Risk factors for primary hypertension

Back 52

Obesity

Age

Race

Hereditary

Stress factors

Smoking

Front 53

Secondary hypertension

Back 53

Hypertension due to an identifiable disorder such as excessive renin excretion, arteriosclerosis & endocrine disorders

Front 54

Circulatory shock

Back 54

Any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally

Hypovolemic

Vascular

Cardiogenic

Front 55

Hypovolemic shock

Back 55

Large scale blood loss

Front 56

Vascular shock

Back 56

Poor circulation resulting from extreme vasodilation

Front 57

Cardiogenic shock

Back 57

Heart cannot sustain adequate circulation