Microbiology Chapter 19

Front 1

Paul Enrlich

Back 1

Coined term chemotherapy to describe the use of chemicals to kill pathogens without injuring the host

Front 2

Alexander Fleming

Back 2

Discovered penicillin in 1928

Front 3

Gerhard Domagk

Back 3

Discovered that prontosil (red dye) inhibits G+ bacteria in 1935

Front 4

Ernest Fourneau

Back 4

Discovered sulfanimide portion of prontosil and antimicrobial activity led to development of Sulfanimides (Sulfa drugs) Synthetic antibiotic drug in 1936

Front 5

Ernest Chain and Howard Florey

Back 5

Both Isolated Penicillin and developed methods of mass production saved many lives during WWII

Front 6

Explain how semi synthetic and synthetic antimicrobials differ from antibiotics.

Back 6

Synthetic- are chemical agents made in a lab. They don't work as well as an antibiotic
Semisynthetic - are partially made in a lab and partially made by a microbe
antibiotic - is a chemical substance produced by microorganisms which have capacity to inhibit the growth of or kill microorganisms

Front 7

Explain the principle of selective toxicity
*BIG IDEA*

Back 7

The property of an antimicrobial drug to be toxic to the microbe while being nontoxic to the host

Front 8

List five mechanisms by which antimicrobial drugs affect the growth of pathogens

Back 8

1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan)
2. Disruption of cell membrane function
3. Inhibition of protein synthesis
4. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
5. Action as antimetabolite
(Top 3 are the biggest)

Front 9

Describe the actions and give examples of drugs that affect the cell wall of bacteria.

Back 9

- Animal cells lack cell walls
- Inhibiting cell wall synthesis selectively damages bacterial and fungal cells
- G+ particularly susceptable
*The taller the structure, the easier it is to fall.
- Penicillin (attaches to cell wall), cephalosporin, bactracin, bancomycin - destroy peptidoglycan. Cross-link and thus kill bacteria
B-lactams - most prominent (Penicillin and Cephalosporin)

Front 10

Give examples of drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis

Back 10

Pnicillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Methicillin, Bacitracin, Carbapenems, Cephalosporin, Vancomycin

Front 11

Give examples of drugs that lead to the disruption of the cell membrane function

Back 11

Polymyxin

Front 12

Give examples of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis

Back 12

Macrolides (Erythromycin & Azithromycin) Aminoglycosides (Streptomycin, Neomycin, and Kanamycin) Chloramphenicol, Tetracyclines, Lincosamides

Front 13

Give examples of drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

Back 13

Rifampin
Nalidixic acid
Ciprofloxacin
Clofazimine

Front 14

Action as antimetabolite

Back 14

Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)
Isonizid
Ethambutol
Trimethoprim

Front 15

List 6 clinical considerations when prescribing antimicrobial drugs

Back 15

1. solubility in body fluids (will dissolve in body fluids)
2. Selective toxicity (kills pathogen w/o harming host)
3. Toxicity not easily altered
4. Non-allergenic
5.Stability
6. Resistance by microorganisms not easily acquired
7. Long shelf life
8. Reasonable cost

Front 16

Distinguish between narrow-spectrum and broad-spectrum drugs

Back 16

Broad spectrum - useful when client is serously ill with infection caused by an unidentified organism. If you only use boad, the bacteria will damage and build up resistance.
Narrow-spectrum - used when the causative agent is known. Minimizes destruction of microflora of host and decreases chance of resistance

Front 17

Describe when you would choose a narrow spectrum, rather than a broad spectrum antibiotic and explain why

Back 17

You would use a broad spectrum antibiotic first when you aren't sure what the client has. Then after you know, you would use a narrow spectrum antibiotic because it minimizes destruction of normal microflora and decreases the chance of resistance

Front 18

Explain what harmful side effects can occur when taking tetracycline and what things should be avoided while taking tetracycline

Back 18

- destroy normal intestinal microflora
- produce GI disorders including liver damage
- Interfere with oral contraceptives
- Stain of teeth occur in 5 and under receive tetracyclineor when pregnant women take it during last half of pregnancy

Front 19

Describe the characteristics an ideal chemotheraputic agent would have. *ATTRIBUTES*

Back 19

Chemotheraputics are chemicals used internally to treat disease

Front 20

Your pregnant neighbor is taking tetracycline that she had left over from a previous infection. Two reasons why this is a poor decision

Back 20

1. Tetracycline will stain the childs life forever. Permanently damage.
2. Taking part of a medication is very bad because it allows for microbe to gain resistance, and make infection even worse SUPERBUG

Front 21

Describe what is unique about C. diff and the clinical condition it causes

Back 21

Found in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Client develops a fibrous pseudomembrane that covers the mucous of the colon and does not allow absorption of minerals. Difficult to remove. Endospores. Lead to severe diarrhea

Front 22

The first antibiotic discovered was

Back 22

Penicillin

Front 23

Most of the available antimicrobial agents are effective against

Back 23

Bacteria

Front 24

Which of the following does not belong with the others
a. monobactam
b. cephalosporin
c. bacitracin
d. streptomycin
e. penicillin

Back 24

d. streptomycin

Front 25

Which of these antimicrobial agents has the fewest side effects
a. penicillin
b. chloramphenicol
c. tetracycline
d. erythromycin
e. streptomycin

Back 25

a. penicillin

Front 26

Which of the following methods of action would be bacteriostatic
a. inhibition of cell wall synthesis
b. inhibition of RNA synthesis
c. competitive inhibition with folic acid synthesis
d. injury to plasma membrane
e. none of the above

Back 26

none of the above

Front 27

Which of the following antimicrobial agents is recommended for use against fungal infections
a. amphotericin B
b. penicillin
c. bacitracin
d. cephalosporin
e. polymyxin

Back 27

a. amphotericin B

Front 28

More than half our antibiotics are

Back 28

produced by bacteria

Front 29

Which of the following drugs is not used primarily to treat tuberculosis
a. sulfonamide
b. rifampin
c. isoniazid
d. ethambutol
e. none of the above

Back 29

a. sulfonamide

Front 30

The antimicrobial drugs with the broadest spectrum of activity are

Back 30

tetracyclines

Front 31

Which of the following organisms would most probably be sensitive to natural penicillin
a. Streptococcus pyogenes
b. Penicillium
c. Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrheae
d. Mycoplasma

Back 31

a. Streptococcus pyogenes

Front 32

Streptomyces bacteria produce all of the following antibiotics except
a. erythromycin
b. nystatin
c. kanamycin
d. rifampin
e. bacitracin

Back 32

e. bacitracin

Front 33

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

Back 33

React only with large bacteria

Front 34

The difference between penicillin and ampicillin is

Back 34

The side chains affixed to the core ring structure

Front 35

B-Lactamase is

Back 35

An enzyme that cleaves the ring structure of penicillin

Front 36

All of the following are targets for antibiotics except
a. cell wall
b. bacterial ribosomes
c. glycocalyx
d. plasma membrane of the bacteria
e. nucleic acids

Back 36

c. glycocalyx

Front 37

Carbapenem antibiotics have

Back 37

a different ring structure from penicillin's

Front 38

The antibiotic isoniazid is

Back 38

used with ethambutol and rifampin for the treatment of tb

Front 39

Protein synthesis is

Back 39

a selective target

Front 40

All of the following target the ribosome except
a. streptomycin
b. tetracycline
c. penicillin
d. chloramphenicol
e. erythromycin

Back 40

c. penicillin

Front 41

Sulfa drugs target

Back 41

Metabolism

Front 42

Antiviral drugs

Back 42

must eliminate all viral particles to be effective