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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Changes during adulthood |
- longest stage of the life cycle - nutrients are used to maintain the body (needs change) - aging occurs (after age 30 body systems begin to slow) |
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Adult stages |
1. 19- 30 2. 31-50 3. 51-70 4. 70 years and beyond 19-50 young adulthood 51-70 middle 70 older adulthood |
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Reserve Capacity |
extent to which an organ preserve essentially normal function despite decreasing cell number or cell activity |
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Curretn Hypothesis about the causes of agin |
1. errors in copying DNA 2. Free radical damage cells 3. Neuroendocrine communication and coordination diminish 4. immune system loses some efficecy 5. autoimmunity develops 6.cross-linkng or glycosylation of proteins occur 7. death is programmed into cell 8. excess energy intake speeds body breakdown |
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usual aging |
expected part of aging, such as, increasing body fatness, decreasing lean body mass, rising blood pressure, declining bone mass, and increasingly poor health the age-related physical and physiological changes commonly thought to be a typical or expected part of aging, such as, increasing body fatness, decreasing lean body mass, rising blood pressure, declining bone mass, and increasingly poor health - can be accelerated by unhealthy lifestyles |
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Successful aging |
physical and physiological function declines that occur only because one grows older, not because of lifestyle choices, environmental exposures, and chronic disease have aggravated or sped up the rate of aging. -experience age-related decline later in life |
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Heredity |
genetic characteristics that affect the rate of aging -parents lived for a long time - Thrifty metabolism- store more fat and may lead to increased risk of developing health problems - rate of HDL-cholesterol may have a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease & a longer life |
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Lifestyle |
food choices, exercise patterns, and substance use affect life & longevity - can decrease hereditary factors |
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Environment |
income, education level, health care, shelter and psychosocial factors |
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adulthood guidelines |
1. consume a variety of nutrient-dense foods and beverages 2. Maintain body weight in healthy range 3. build healthy eating patterns |
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Nutrition needs for adults |
often exceed calories, fat, sodium, and alcohol fall short on vitamin D, E, folate, magnesium, calcium, zinc and fiber iron levels are good for women after menopause occurs |
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Calories |
after age 30 total calories fall steadily throughout adulthood caused by decline in basal metabolism - excercise |
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Protein |
tends to exceed recomenended levels - may help preserve muscle and bone mass |
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Fat |
usually above recommendations - good to reduce fat intake |
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Carbs |
often lower than recommended emphasize complex carbs rather than simple - will control blood sugar levels |
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Water |
most fail to consume enough need to drink more as it will reduce risk of diesase s |
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Mineral and Vitamins |
pay attention to calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, magnesium, folate, and B-6/B-12, and E |
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Calcium and Vitamin D |
become problimatic after age 50 reduce syntesis of vitmain D in skina dn kidnesy decrease ability to put vitmain D in its active form whcih cuases osteoporosis eat fatty fis and fortified milk |
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Iron |
iron deficency anemia is common - oftne happens beacuse they cant compensate for loss of iron during menstration |
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Zinc |
absorption decline as stomach acid production dimisnishes with age leads delayed wound healign |
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Magnesium |
low in diets may contribute to the loss of bone strenght, muscular weakness, and mental confusion seen in some elderly can lead to sudden death from poor heart rhythem and is linked to cardiovascular disease, psteoporosis, and diabetes |
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Folate and Vitmain B-6 and B-12 |
important to women during childbearing years. they are required to clear homocysteine from the bloodstream, elevated bood stream as we age the stomach slows its productionof acid and intrinsic factor which leads to poor absorption of vitamin B-12 and enventually pernicious anemia |
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Carotenoid |
has antiaging effects and health protective effects diets high in fruit and vegetables are good |
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Body Composition |
Usual Changes: Gradual steady decline in lean body mass (sarcopenia) and body water; slow increase in fatty tissue and redistribution of body fat from the limbs to the torso Nurtitional Implications: decreased metabolic rate, calorie intake to drop. adequate fluid intake is important (risk of dehydration) and abiity to regulate internal temperature. Excessive increase in fatty tissue raises the risk of developing conditions (high blood pressure, hgih blood glucsose etc.) Ways to Minimize: eating nutrious diet not exceeding calory need and excercising |
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Skeletal System |
Usual Changes: slow steady loss of bone minerals, in women, loss rise greatly in the first 5-10 years after menopause; may lead to osteoporosis Nutritional Implications: Adequate calcium and vitamin D during young adulthood helps build bone density and in the remainder of adulthood maintain and, perhaps, even increase bone mass Ways to Minimize: eat diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, keep weight at normal level, avoid smoking & alcohol |
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Cardio & respiratory systems |
Usual Changes: gradual decrease in the ability of the heart and lungs to deliver oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to body cells (aerobic capacity) and remove metabolic wastes; rise in blood pressure Nutritional Implications: reduction in cardiovascular and respiratory systems negatively affect the function of other organs and decrease their function, lowers calorie need and possibly altering nutrient needs. Ways to Minimize: eating low-fat diet in antioxidant nutrients, maintaining a healthy weight; exercising, lowering sodium, |
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Digestive System |
Usual Changes: diminished chewing ability, decline in efficiency of digesting and nutrient absorption due to reduced secretion of HCL and gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal digestive enzymes; decline in vitamin B-12 absorption due to decreased secretion of intrinsic factor, decline in liver's ability to metabolize alcohol and drugs, slowdown in the movement of chyme through the intestines Nutritional Implications: impairs absorption of iron, calcium, folate, vitamin B-6, and protein. Ways to Minimize: consume vitamin C & D& calcium , Eating smaller meals, eating fiber |
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Urinary System |
Usual Changes: Decrease efficiency of kidneys to filter out metabolic waste, concentrating urine, and putting Vitamin D synthesized in the skin in its active form Nutritional Implications: impairs reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, and vitamin C& D. Ways to Minimize: avoid excessive intake of nutrient and other substances that must be filtered out by the kidneys. |
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Nervous system |
Usual Changes: gradual decline in number of cells that transmit nerve signals, which may result in decreased sensory perceptions, slowed reaction times, and impaired neuromuscular coordination, reasoning, and memory Nutritional Implications: loss in taste and smell may reduce desire to eat, leading to weight loss. Diminished sensory perceptions may decrease secretions from the salivary glands, stomach, and pancreas and result in impaired digestion and blood glucose regulation. Ways to Minimize: No real way to prevent, promote cardiovascular system, drink fluids, keep blood pressure under control |
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Immune System |
Usual Changes: progressive decline in efficiency that increases susceptibility to infection and disease Nutritional Implications: calorie and nutrient needs rise during infection an disease Ways to Minimize: not inevitably, eatin a diet that meets nutrient needs and prevents obesity can help lower the risk of immune dysfunction, exercise regularly. |
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Endocrine System |
Usual Changes: gradual decrease in hormone synthesis, hormone release, or sensitivity to hormones Nutritional Implications: decreased sensitivity to insulin means that it takes longer for blood glucose to return to normal after a meal. Reduction in thyroid hormone slows metabolic rate and decreases calorie need. Ways to Minimize: Eat nutritious diet, maintain healthy weight, maintain lean body mass, getting injection of growth hormone |
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Reproductive System |
Usual Changes: few changes until menopause for women, males have slow decline in testosterone Nutritional Implications: iron needs drop after menopause, may lead to loss of lean body tissue for men Ways to Minimize: cannot be altered |
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chronic illness |
the prevalence of obseity, heart disease, osteoporosis, cancer, hypertension, and diabetes rises wit age. |
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Medications |
older adults take many medications and nutrient supplements They can improve health and quality of life but some adversely affect nutritional status. |
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Psychosocial factors |
depression and feeling of social isolation can lead to losses in appetite and interest in food, |
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Alcohol Use |
the consequences of alcohol use and abuse incrase with age. They become intoxicated on smaller amounts |
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Slowed restoration of homeostasis |
the body takes longer to restore homeostasis as the body tissue and system ages |
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alzheimer Disease |
it is irreversible and prgressive deterioration of the brain that causes victims to steadily lose the ability to remember, reason, and comprehend. Eat vitamin C&E, folate, vitmain B-6 & 12. |
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Arthritis |
Disease that causes the degeneration and roughening of the once smooth cartilage that covers and cushions the bone joint/ formation of calcium deposits. cause them to ache and become inflamed (makes it painful to move) no way to stop it |
