Chapter 17 Microbial Taxonomy And Evolution Of Diversity

Front 1

What is taxonomy?

Back 1

Biological classification

Front 2

Taxonomy consists of 3 parts. What are they?

Back 2

1. Classification
2. Nomenclature
3. Identification

Front 3

How does "natural" classification work? What is a drawback?

Back 3

Arranged into groups by characteristics
Does not provide info on evolutionary relatedness

Front 4

What are some characteristics of phenetic classification?

Back 4

1. Grouped by similar phenotypes
2. Reveals evolutionary relationships

Front 5

What is phylogeny?

Back 5

Evolutionary development of a species

Front 6

How do we asses evolutionary relatedness in organisms?

Back 6

By looking at the SSU's rRNA nucleotide sequences (phylogenetic classification)

Front 7

What is genotypic classification?

Back 7

Comparing the genetic similarity between organisms (either induvidual genes or whole genomes)

Front 8

Taxonomic ranking use "levels". Each level ______ a common feature

Back 8

shares

Front 9

What is the highest taxonomic rank?

Back 9

Domain
Bacteria and Archae (microbes only)
Eukarya (microbes AND macroorganisms)

Front 10

What "levels" are found after the domain?

Back 10

Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Epithet

Front 11

In 2005, the International Society of Protistologist proposed what?

Back 11

To give a higher-level classification of the eucarya domain

Front 12

The five kingdom system is no longer accepted. What are the reasons?

Back 12

1. Little distinction between archaea and bacteria
2. Kingdom Protista is too diverse
3. Certain boundaries were ill-defined

Front 13

What is the definition of a microbe species?

Back 13

Strains that share many properties and differ significantly from other strains (can also share same housekeeping gene sequences)

Front 14

A strain descends from what?

Back 14

A single, PURE microbial culture

Front 15

Explain biovars, morphovars and serovars

Back 15

Biovars: differ biochemically and physiologically
Morphovars: differ morphologically
Serovars : differ in antigens

Front 16

What is genus?

Back 16

A defined group of one or more strains

Front 17

Taxonomists sometimes disagree about what ______ should be assigned to a ______.

Back 17

species, genus

Front 18

Binomial nomenclature is made up of what?

Back 18

Genus Name, Species epithet

Front 19

Give an example of binomial nomenclature.

Back 19

Escherichia coli (E.coli)
Can abbreviate after the first use

Front 20

What kind of characteristics do we look at when determining taxonomy and phylogney?

Back 20

1. Morphological
2. Physiological
3. Biochemical
4. Ecological
5. Genetic

Front 21

Name three morphological features used in classification

Back 21

1. Cell shape
2. Cell size
3. Straining behavior
See Slide 16 for more

Front 22

Name three physiological characteristics in classification

Back 22

1. Energy sources
2. Luminescence
3. Oxygen relationships
See slide 17 for more

Front 23

Name several ecological characteristics in classification

Back 23

1. Life-cycle patterns
2. Symbiotic relationships
3. Ability to cause disease
4. Habitat preferences
5. Growth requirements

Front 24

Name several molecular characteristics

Back 24

1. NA base composition
2. NA hybridization
3. NA sequencing
4. Genomic sequencing
5. Amino acid sequencing

Front 25

Study slides 21 thru 25

Back 25

Study slides 21 thru 25

Front 26

The evolution of organelles came about through what?

Back 26

Endosymbiosis

Front 27

How did organelles come about?

Back 27

Ancestral eukaryotic cells lost their walls. Organelles were "swallowed" by the cell

Front 28

Mitochondria and chloroplasts believed to be descended from what?

Back 28

Rickettsiea and Prochlorococcus

Front 29

What is the first hypothesis of eukaryotic nucleus evolution?
Clip pic slide 29

Back 29

Archaean and bacterium fused
Evolution of organelles included nucleous

Front 30

What is the second hypothesis of eukaryotic nucleous evolution?
Clip pic slide 29

Back 30

Archaean engulfed bacterium
Organelles evolve

Front 31

Term: ecotype

Back 31

a population of microbes that is genetically very similar but ecologically distinct from others of the same taxon

Front 32

Term: endosymbiotic hypothesis

Back 32

that mitochondria and choloroplasts arose when bacteria established an endoysmiotic relationship with ancestral cells and then evolved into organelles

Front 33

Term: G + C content

Back 33

the percent of an orgtanisms genome that consists of guanine and cytosine: used in taxonomic analysis

Front 34

Term: monophyletic

Back 34

refers to organisms that arose from a singel common ancestor

Front 35

Term: natural classificaiton

Back 35

a classification system that arranges organisms into groups whose members wshare many characteristics

Front 36

Term: oligonucleotide signature sequences

Back 36

short, conserved nucleotide sequences that are specific for a phylogenetically defined group of organisms

Front 37

Term: phenetic system

Back 37

a classification system that groups organisms together based on the similarity of their observabel characteristics

Front 38

Term: phylogenetic or phyletic classification

Back 38

system based on evolutionary relationships, rather than the general similarity of characteristics

Front 39

Term: phylogenetic tree

Back 39

shows phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms

Front 40

Term: polyphasic taxonomy

Back 40

where taxonomic schemes are developed using a wide range of phenotypic and genotypic info

Front 41

Term: strain

Back 41

microbes that are descendants of a singel, pure microbial culture. a single species may have several strains