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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genetic Flow Information |
DNA--> RNA--> Protein--> observe trait |
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Protein Synthesis |
DNA Template-(nucleus)-> Transcription--> mRNA(copy of DNA)--> RNA processing--> mRNA (Rough ER and cytoplasm)--> Translation |
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4 Genetic Codons Properties |
1.universal 2.degenerate (different code can be the same protein) 3. unambiguous(each codes only code for one amino acid) 4. contains start and stop signals |
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Transcription |
1. DNA is template for RNA, Gene unzips and exposes umpaired bases for mRNA 2. RNA Polymerase add RNA nucleotides to DNA bases 5to3 direction 3. gene is transcribed to mRNA transcript to finish RNA transcription 4. pre-mRNA is modified from 5 end with G cap, helps determine where to attach for translation 5. pre-mRNA is modified from 3 end with poly-A tail, help to facilitate transport mRNA out of the nucleus with hydrolytic enzymes |
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Pre-mRNA |
made up of exons and introns. exons is expressed code for protein introns is not expressed but used for other function |
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RNA splicing |
removal of introns by spliceosomes. Spliceosomes is an enzyme made of RNA not protein. remaining exons are brought together as a mature mRNA transcript |
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Functions of Introns (3) |
-sequence regulate gene expression -exons encode for more than one polypeptide (alternative RNA splicing) -# of different proteins cause GREATER # of genes in an organism |
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Translation |
occur in the cytoplasms -codons in the mRNA at ribosome determines the sequence of amino acids into a polypeptide -nucleic acid sequence is translated into a protein sequence |
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Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
2 binding sites: mRNA transcript and specific amino acid. each amino acids proteins associates more than 64 types of tRNA |
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Transcription of mRNA |
ribosome on the rough ER. Ribosome reads the information and directs the types of tRNA to bring a specific amino acid. tRNA is determined by the code translated in the mRNA transcript. each tRNA has a specific anticodon that binds with amino acid or specific triplets |
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3 stages of translation: |
Initiation Elongation Termination |
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Initiation |
small ribosomal subunits binds to mRNA large ribosomal subunits completes initiation at P site |
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Elongation |
tRNA brings in Met amino acids to the ribosome Psite. Psite translocation. tRNA joins at A site brings in Leu amino acid. A site reads codon. |
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Termination |
STOP codon is read by the ribosome at the A site. E site is exit. protein release tRNA factor binds to stop codon and protein cleaves polypeptide from RNA. Protein is created. (mRNA maybe read more than once by different molecules) |
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Mutation |
affect protein structure and function by changing the genetic material |
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Point Mutations (2) |
change in 1 base pair of a gene. Single nucleotide can produce abnormal protein causing a genetic disorder. 2 types: Substitutions Insertions or Deletions |
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Substitutions (bad) |
replaces a nucleotide for another nucleotide 3 Types: Silent - no effect on amino acid produce (codes for the same amino acid) Missense- code for an amino acid but not the correct amino acid (amino acid is no use) Nonsense- change amino acid to a stop codon or non-functional protein (doesn't code for a correct protein) |
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Insertions/ Deletions (disastrous) |
addition or losses of nucleotide pairs Frame Shift- alter the reading frame of a codon |
