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19 Cards in this Set
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acidosis
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an abnormal increase in the hydrogen ion concentration in the blood, resulting from an accumulation of an acid or the loss of a base. It is indicated by a blood pH below the normal range (7.35 to 7.45). The various forms of acidosis are named for their cause; for example, renal tubular acidosis results from failure of the kidney to secrete hydrogen ions or reabsorb bicarbonate ions, respiratory acidosis results from respiratory retention of carbon dioxide, and diabetic acidosis results from an accumulation of ketones associated with a lack of insulin. Treatment depends on diagnosis of the underlying abnormality and concurrent correction of the acid-base imbalance.
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active transport
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the movement of materials across the membranes and epithelial layers of a cell by means of chemical activity that allows the cell to admit otherwise impermeable molecules against a concentration gradient. Expediting active transport are carrier molecules within the cell that bind and enclose themselves to incoming molecules. Active transport is the means by which the cell absorbs glucose and other substances needed to sustain life and health. Certain enzymes play a role in active transport, providing a chemical “pump” that typically uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to help move substances through the plasma membrane..
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alkalosis
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an abnormal condition of body fluids, characterized by a tendency toward a blood pH level greater than 7.45 caused by an excess of alkaline bicarbonate or a deficiency of acid. There are two types: respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis. When a buffer system, such as carbon dioxide retention or bicarbonate excretion, prevents a shift in pH, it is labeled compensated alkalosis. The treatment of uncompensated alkalosis involves the correction of dehydration and various ionic deficits to restore the normal acid-base balance in which the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate is 20:1.
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anions
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Anions are negatively charged ions. Examples include bicarbonate (HCO3–), chloride (Cl–), and phosphate (PO43–) ions. Most proteins bear a negative charge and are thus anions. (Lewis 303)
Lewis, Sharon. Medical-Surgical Nursing (with Media), 8th Edition. Mosby. <vbk:9780323065801M#outline(20.5)>. |
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buffers
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a substance or group of substances that tends to control the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution by reacting with hydrogen ions of an acid added to the system and releasing hydrogen ions to a base added to the system. Buffers minimize significant changes of pH in a chemical system. Among the functions carried out by buffer systems in the body is maintenance of the acid-base balance of the blood and of the proper pH in kidney tubules ( Mosby 266-267)
Mosby. Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions, 8th Edition. Mosby, 122008. <vbk:978-0-323-04937-5#outline(2)>. |
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cations
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Cations are positively charged ions. Examples include sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) ions. (Lewis 303)
Lewis, Sharon. Medical-Surgical Nursing (with Media), 8th Edition. Mosby. <vbk:9780323065801M#outline(20.5)>. |
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central venous access devices (CVADS)
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Central venous access devices (CVADs) are catheters that are placed in large blood vessels (e.g., subclavian vein, jugular vein) of people who require frequent access to the vascular system. In contrast to CVADs, the basic IV catheter is inserted into a peripheral vein in the hand, inside of the arm, or antecubital fossa and is used for short-term IV access. Central venous access can be achieved by three different methods: centrally inserted catheters, peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), or implanted ports. Centrally inserted catheters and implanted ports must be placed by a physician whereas PICCs can be inserted by a nurse with specialized training. (Lewis 328)
Lewis, Sharon. Medical-Surgical Nursing (with Media), 8th Edition. Mosby. <vbk:9780323065801M#outline(20.40)>. |
CVADs permit frequent, continuous, rapid, or intermittent administration of fluids and medications. They allow for the administration of drugs that are potential vesicants, blood and blood products, and parenteral nutrition. They may also be used for hemodynamic monitoring and venous blood sampling. These devices are indicated for patients who have limited peripheral vascular access or who have a projected need for long-term vascular access. (Lewis 328)
Lewis, Sharon. Medical-Surgical Nursing (with Media), 8th Edition. Mosby. <vbk:9780323065801M#outline(20.40)>. |
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diffusion
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the process in which particles in a fluid move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, resulting in an even distribution of the particles in the fluid. Little or no energy is required. ( Mosby 555)
Mosby. Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions, 8th Edition. Mosby, 122008. <vbk:978-0-323-04937-5#outline(4)>. |
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electrolytes
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an element or compound that, when melted or dissolved in water or another solvent, dissociates into ions and is able to conduct an electric current. Electrolytes differ in their concentrations in blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and cell fluid and affect the movement of substances between those compartments. Proper quantities of principal electrolytes and balance among them are critical to normal metabolism and function. For example, calcium (Ca++) is necessary for relaxation of skeletal muscle and contraction of cardiac muscle; potassium (K+) is required for contraction of skeletal muscle and relaxation of cardiac muscle. Sodium (Na+) is essential in maintaining fluid balance. Certain diseases, conditions, and medications may lead to a deficiency of one or more electrolytes and to an imbalance among them; for example, certain diuretics and a low-sodium diet prescribed in hypertension may cause hypokalemic shock as a result of a loss of potassium. Diarrhea may cause a loss of many electrolytes, leading to hypovolemia and shock, especially in infants. Careful and regular monitoring of electrolytes and IV replacement of fluid and electrolytes are aspects of acute care in many illnesses. ( Mosby 616-617)
Mosby. Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions, 8th Edition. Mosby, 122008. <vbk:978-0-323-04937-5#outline(5)>. |
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fluid spacing
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Fluid spacing is a term used to describe the distribution of body water. First spacing describes the normal distribution of fluid in the ICF and ECF compartments. Second spacing refers to an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (i.e., edema). Third spacing occurs when fluid accumulates in a portion of the body (transcellular fluid) from which it is not easily exchanged with the rest of the ECF. Third-spaced fluid is trapped and unavailable for functional use. Examples of third spacing are ascites, sequestration of fluid in the abdominal cavity with peritonitis, and edema associated with burns, trauma, or sepsis. (Lewis 306)
Lewis, Sharon. Medical-Surgical Nursing (with Media), 8th Edition. Mosby. <vbk:9780323065801M#outline(20.9)>. |
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hydrostatic pressure
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Hydrostatic pressure is the force within a fluid compartment. In the blood vessels, hydrostatic pressure is the blood pressure generated by the contraction of the heart.2 Hydrostatic pressure in the vascular system gradually decreases as the blood moves through the arteries until it is about 40 mm Hg at the arterial end of a capillary. Because of the size of the capillary bed and fluid movement into the interstitium, the pressure decreases to about 10 mm Hg at the venous end of the capillary. Hydrostatic pressure is the major force that pushes water out of the vascular system at the capillary level. (Lewis 305)
Lewis, Sharon. Medical-Surgical Nursing (with Media), 8th Edition. Mosby. <vbk:9780323065801M#outline(20.6.5)>. |
the pressure exerted by a liquid. ( Mosby 903)
Mosby. Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions, 8th Edition. Mosby, 122008. <vbk:978-0-323-04937-5#outline(8)>. |
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hypertonic
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a solution that increases the degree of osmotic pressure on a semipermeable membrane (Lewis G-4)
Lewis, Sharon. Medical-Surgical Nursing (with Media), 8th Edition. Mosby. <vbk:9780323065801M>. |
1. adj, pertaining to a solution that causes cells to shrink.
2. n, a solution that increases the degree of osmotic pressure on a semipermeable membrane. ( Mosby 915) Mosby. Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions, 8th Edition. Mosby, 122008. <vbk:978-0-323-04937-5#outline(8)>. |
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hypotonic
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a solution that has a lower concentration of solute than another solution, thus exerting less osmotic pressure on a semipermeable membrane (Lewis G-4)
Lewis, Sharon. Medical-Surgical Nursing (with Media), 8th Edition. Mosby. <vbk:9780323065801M>. |
1. adj, pertaining to a lower or lessened tone or tension in any body structure, as in paralysis.
2. n, a solution having a lower concentration of solute than another solution, hence exerting less osmotic pressure than that solution. 3. adj, pertaining to a solution that causes cells to swell. ( Mosby 925) Mosby. Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions, 8th Edition. Mosby, 122008. <vbk:978-0-323-04937-5#outline(8)>. |
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isotonic
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Fluids with the same osmolality as the cell interior are termed isotonic. (Lewis 305)
Lewis, Sharon. Medical-Surgical Nursing (with Media), 8th Edition. Mosby. <vbk:9780323065801M#outline(20.6.4.2)>. |
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oncotic pressure
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Oncotic pressure (colloidal osmotic pressure) is osmotic pressure exerted by colloids in solution. The major colloid in the vascular system contributing to the total osmotic pressure is protein. Protein molecules attract water, pulling fluid from the tissue space to the vascular space.4 Unlike electrolytes, the large molecular size prevents proteins from leaving the vascular space through pores in capillary walls. Under normal conditions, plasma oncotic pressure is approximately 25 mm Hg. A small amount of protein is found in the interstitial space exerting an oncotic pressure of approximately 1 mm Hg. (Lewis 305-306)
Lewis, Sharon. Medical-Surgical Nursing (with Media), 8th Edition. Mosby. <vbk:9780323065801M#outline(20.6.6)>. |
the osmotic pressure of a colloid in solution, such as when there is a higher concentration of protein in the plasma on one side of a cell membrane than in the neighboring interstitial fluid. ( Mosby 1321)
Mosby. Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions, 8th Edition. Mosby, 122008. <vbk:978-0-323-04937-5#outline(15)>. |
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osmolality
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Osmolality measures the osmotic force of solute per unit of weight of solvent (mOsm/kg or mmol/kg).
Osmolality is the test typically performed to evaluate the concentration of plasma and urine. Osmolality is approximately the same in the various body fluid spaces. Determining osmolality is important because it indicates the water balance of the body. To assess the state of the body's water balance, one can measure or estimate plasma osmolality. Normal plasma osmolality is between 275 and 295 mOsm/kg. A value greater than 295 mOsm/kg indicates that the concentration of particles is too great or that the water content is too little. This condition is termed water deficit. A value less than 275 mOsm/kg indicates too little solute for the amount of water or too much water for the amount of solute. This condition is termed water excess. Both conditions are clinically significant. Because the major determinants of the plasma osmolality are sodium and glucose, one can calculate the effective plasma osmolality based on the concentrations of those substances. |
the osmotic pressure of a solution expressed in osmols or milliosmols per kilogram of water. Normal adult blood osmolality is 285 to 295 mOsm/kg H2O. ( Mosby 1343)
Mosby. Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions, 8th Edition. Mosby, 122008. <vbk:978-0-323-04937-5#outline(15)>. |
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osmolarity
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Osmolarity measures the total milliosmoles of solute per unit of total volume of solution (mOsm/L). Pertains to fluids outside the body.
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osmosis
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the movement of a pure solvent such as water through a differentially permeable membrane from a solution that has a lower solute concentration to one that has a higher solute concentration. The membrane is impermeable to the solute but is permeable to the solvent. The rate of osmosis depends on the concentration of solute, the temperature of the solution, the electrical charge of the solute, and the difference between the osmotic pressures exerted by the solutions. Movement across the membrane continues until the concentrations of the solutions equalize. .
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osmotic pressure
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Osmotic pressure is the amount of pressure required to stop the osmotic flow of water. Osmotic pressure can be understood in terms of imagining a chamber in which two compartments are separated by a semipermeable membrane (see Fig. 17-6). Water will move from the less concentrated side to the more concentrated side of the chamber. .
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1. the pressure exerted on a differentially permeable membrane separating a solution from a solvent, the membrane being impermeable to the solutes in the solution and permeable only to the solvent.
2. the pressure exerted on a differentially permeable membrane by a solution containing one or more solutes that cannot penetrate the membrane, which is permeable only by the solvent surrounding it. . |
