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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the structures in the Urinary System
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Two kidneys
Two ureters One urinary bladder One urethra |
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The kidneys and ureters are located in the ___________________ space
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Retroperitoneal space
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The right kidney generally is slightly _______ or more __________ than the left.
Why is this? |
Lower or more inferior
This is because of the presence of the liver |
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What lies near the upper medial part of each kidney?
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The suprarenal (adrenal) gland
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Which system is the suprarenal glands a part of?
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The endocrine system
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What surrounds each kidney?
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A fatty capsule
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Each kidney is connected to the single urinary bladder by its own ______
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Ureter
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Waste material is in the form of what?
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Urine
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The sac like urinary bladder serves as a reservoir that stores the urine until it can be eliminated from the body via the _______
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Urethra
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The Latin designation for kidney is ___, not to be confused with _____ which is an adjective that is commonly used to refer to the kidney.
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Ren; renal
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The posterior placed kidneys lie on either side of the vertebral column in the upper ________ abdomen.
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Posterior
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The right kidney lies _______ to the lower portion of the liver on the right, and _______ to the lower spleen on the left.
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Posterior & Posterior
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Most of each ureter lies _______ to its respective kidney
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Anterior
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True or false: The ureters follow the natural curve of the vertebral column.
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True
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How do the ureters curve?
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Each ureter initially curves forward, following the lumbar lordotic curvature, and then curves backward on entering the pelvis. After passing into the pelvis each ureter follows the sacrococcygeal curve before entering the posterolateral aspect of the bladder.
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The ________ connects the bladder to the exterior.
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Urethra
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The Urethra exits from the body __________ to the symphysis pubis.
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Inferior
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The bladder and urethra are __________________ structures
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Infraperitoneal
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The average kidney weighs about ___ grams.
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150 grams
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The measurements of the kidney are _-_ inches long, _-_ inches wide and _ inch thick.
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4-5 inches long, 2-3 inches wide, 1 inch thick
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True or false: The left kidney is a little longer but narrower than the right.
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True
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True or false: You need two kidneys to survive
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False, despite the small size, at least one functional kidney is absolutely essential for normal well-being.
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True or false: Failure of both kidneys, unless corrected, means inevitable death.
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True
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Which structures create a 20 degree angle between the upper pole and lower pole of the kidney?
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Psoas major muscle
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What is the specific name for the mass of fat the surrounds each kidney?
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Perirenal fat, or adipose capsule
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What degree of rotation from supine is required to place the kidneys parallel to the IR?
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30 degrees
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Which two landmarks can be palpated to locate the kidney?
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Xiphoid process and iliac crest
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Which term describes an abnormal drop of the kidneys when the patient is placed erect?
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Nephroptosis
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Why is there an vertical 20 degree angle from the kidneys to the midsagittal plane?
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The large muscles on either side of the vertebral column causes the longitudinal plane of the kidneys to form a vertical angle of about 20 degrees with the midsagittal plane
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Name the listed structures
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True or false: The large psoas major muscle cause the kidneys to rotate backward with the retro peritoneal space.
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True
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Which border (medial or lateral) of the kidney is more anterior?
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Medial
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List 3 functions of the urinary system
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1. Removes nitrogenous waste
2. Regulates water levels 3. Regulates acid-base levels |
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A buildup of nitrogenous waste in the blood is called:
A. Hemotoxicity B. Uremia C. Sepsis D. Renotoxicity |
B. Uremia
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The longitudinal fisure fund along the central medial border of the kidney is called the...?
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Hilum
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The peripheral or outer portion of the kidney is called the _________
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Cortex
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The term that describes the total functioning portion of the kidney is ___________ _______
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Renal Parenchyma
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The microscopic functional and structural unit of the kidney is the ________
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Nephron
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Which structure of the medulla is made up of a collection of tubules that drain into the minor calyx?
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Renal Pyramids
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What is another (older) name for the glomerular capsule?
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Bowmans capsule
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True or false: The glomerular capsule and proximal and distal convoluted tubules are located in the medulla of the kidney.
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False, they are located in the cortex
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True or false: The efferent arterioles carry blood to the glomeruli
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False; the afferent tubules carry blood to the glomeruli.
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The normal kidney rotation is about ___ degrees.
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30 degrees
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What muscle is located on each side just posterior to the kidneys?
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The quadratus lumborum muscles
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What muscle is posterior to the quadratus lumborum muscles on each side of the spine?
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The erector spinae muscles
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A 30 degree LPO position would demonstrate which kidney the best?
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Right kidney
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What structure permits radiographic visualization of the kidneys on plain abdominal radiographs?
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The perirenal fat or AKA adipose capsule
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Kidneys can normally be located where?
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Between the midway point of the xiphoid process and the iliac crest
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How much further does the right kidney lie than the left?
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About 1 cm
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what is the fourth leading cause of death in the US
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COPD
affects 20 million ppl in the US |
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At which level does the bottom of the right kidney lie?
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The bottom of the right kidney most often is level with the upper part of L3
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When one inhales deeply, the kidneys normally drop about _ inc or one lumbar vertebra.
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1 inch
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When one stands upright, the kidneys normally drop about _ lumbar vertebra, or _cm ( _ inches)
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1 lumbar vertebra, or 5cm (2 inches)
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An abnormal drop in the position of the kidneys when he patient is erect is termed _______.
A. Micturition B. Nephrosis C. Nephroptosis D. Renal Displacement |
C. Nephroptosis
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The term that describes the total functional portion of the kidney is...?
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Renal Parenchyma
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Which of the following is NOT one of the three constricted points found along the course of each ureter?
A. UPJ B. UVJ C. Trigone D. Pelvic Brim |
C. Trigone
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Which of he following stuctures is most anterior in the female pelvis?
A. Rectum B. Urinary bladder C. Uterus D. Ovaries |
B. Urinary bladder
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What is the primary function of the kidney?
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The production of urine and its elimination from the body
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What are some nitrogenous waste products?
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Urea and creatinine are formed during normal metabolism of proteins
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At rest, about __% of the blood pumped from the heart with each beat passes through the kidneys
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25%
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Arterial blood is received by the kidneys directly from the ________ ______ via the left and right renal arteries.
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abdominal aorta
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Each _______ _______ branches and re-branches until a vast capillary network is formed with each kidney.
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renal artery
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Because most of the blood volume that enter he kidneys is returned to the circulatory system, the _____ ____ must be large vessels
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renal veins
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The renal veins connect directly to the ____ _____ _____ to return the blood to the right side of the heart.
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Inferior vena cava
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The renal veins are anterior or posterior to the renal arteries?
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Anterior
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The _____ serves to transmit the renal artery and renal vein, lymphatics, nerves, and ureter.
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Hilum
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Each kidney generally is divided into an upper part and a lower part. What are the terms for these areas?
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The upper pole and the lower pole
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What is the average intake of water for humans in a 24-hour period?
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2.5 L
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At rest, more than _L of blood flows through he kidneys every minute of the day, which results in removal of about ____L of filtrate from the blood every 24 hours.
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1 L of blood;
180 L of filtrate from the blood |
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__% of this filtrate volume is reabsorbed by the kidneys and returned to the blood stream.
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99%
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On average, how much urine is formed in a day?
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1.5L or 1500ml
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The outer covering of the kidney is termed the...
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Renal (fibrous) capsule
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The renal papilla drain into the flatten tubules terms the...........
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Minor calyx
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What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?
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It is the microscopic nephron
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How many nephrons exists within each kidney?
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Approx. 1 million
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Name the following structures...
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Name the following structures...
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Small arteries in the kidney _______ form tiny capillary through the many ______
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Cortex;
Glomeruli |
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Which arteriole supplies blood to the glomeruli, and which takes blood away to the secondary capillary network?
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The Afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomeruli, and the efferent arteriole takes blood away
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What is the proximal portion of each nephron collecting filtrate?
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The glomerular capsule
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List the steps that the glomerular filtrate travels
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Glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule, and into a minor calyx.
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The filtrate is termed _______ by the time it reaches the minor caylx.
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Urine
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The glomeruli, glomerular capsule, and proximal and distal convoluted tubules are located within which area of the kidney?
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Cortex
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The loop of henle and collecting tubules are located primarily withing which area of the kidney?
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The medulla
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What is the name of the junction found between the distal ureters and urinary bladder?
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The Ureterovesical Juction (UV Junction)
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The ureters lie on the anterior, or posterior surface of each psoas major muscle?
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Anterior
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How many constricted points exist along the course of each ureter?
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Three
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The first point is the ____ ______, where the renal pelvis funnels down the small ureter.
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Ureteropelvic Junction (UP junction)
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Most kidney stones that pass down the ureter tend to hang up at the third site, the _____ _______,
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The UV junction
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What is the name of the inner, posterior region of the bladder formed by the two ureters entering and the urethra exiting?
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Trigone
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The total capacity for the average adult bladder is....
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350-500 ml
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What is the name of the small gland fund just inferior to the male bladder?
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Prostate gland
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Where is the second constriction of the ureters located?
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At the brim of the pelvis, where the iliac blood vesseks cross over the ureters.
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The bladder has numerous folds terms ________. As the bladder fills, the tp of the bladder expans upward and frward toward th abdominal cavity.
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Rugae
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At how many ml should a person feel the need to void?
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250ml
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Should an expexting mother have a urinary exam or procedure?
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No, expect in rare cases in which the benefits outweigh the risk
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How long is the female urethra?
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4 cm long
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How long is the male urethra?
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17.5-20cm Long
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Intravenous contrast media may be administered by either....
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Bolus injection, or Drip infusion
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True or false: The patient (or legal guardian) must sigh an informed consent form before a venipuncture procedure is performed on a ped patient
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True
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For most IVUs, viens in the ___________ are recomended for venipuncture
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Antecubital Fossa
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What is the most common size of needle used for bolus injection on adults?
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18-22 gauge
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What are the two most common type of needles used for bolus injection of contrast media?
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The butterfly needle and the over the needle catheter
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In order, list the six steps followed during a venipuncture procedure?
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1. Wash hands & put on gloves
2. select site, apply tourniquet 3. initiate puncture 4. confirm entry & secure needle 5. prepare & proceed with injection 6. needle or catheter removal |
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True or false: The bevel of the needle needs to be facing downward during the actual puncture to the vien.
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False; it needs to be facing up
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True or false: If extravasation occures during the puncture, the technologist should slightly retract the needle and push it forward again.
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False
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True or false: If unsucessful during the inital puncture, a new needle should be used during the seconf attempt
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True
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True or false: The radiologist is responsible for documenting all aspects of the venipuncture procdure in the patients chart.
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False, tech or person doing the procedure is
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__________ is defined as the precutaneous puncture of a vein for withdrawal of blood or injection of a solution
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Venipuncutre
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Before conrast media is withdrawn from any bottle....
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Confirmation of the correct contents of the container, route of admin, amount to be admin, and expiration date should all be confirmed
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The rate of the bolus injection is controlled by...
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gauge of the needle, amount of contrast, viscocity of contrast, stability of vein, and force applied of injection
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What are some other commonly used veinpuncture sites?
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The cephalic vein(on back of hand), or basilic veins.
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Do or do not inject directly into a shunt, central line, or vascular catheter?
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Do not UNLESS it has been manufactured for contrast injections or under the direction of a physician.
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How high should the tourniquet be?
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3-4 inches above the site
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Which of the following veins is not accessed for venipuncture?
A. Medial cubital B. Cephalic C. Brachial D. Basilic |
C. Brachial
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What is a metallic taste in the mouth classified as?
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A side effect
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What is the normal creatinine range for an adult?
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0.6-1.5 mg/dl
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How long must metformin be withheld from diabetic patients following a contrast media procedure?
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48 hours
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What is angiodema classified as when useing a contrast media injection?
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A moderate reaction
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If extravasation occurs following a bolus injection of contrast media, the tech should first....?
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Notify the department nurse and or physician
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Micturition is defined as...?
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The act of voiding or urination
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What is a diuretic?
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A drug that increases urine excretion
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At what stage of an IVU are nephrotomograms typically taken?
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Following injection of he contrast media
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During ureteric compression, the pneumatic two paddles must be placed....
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1'' medial to the ASIS
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If the Symphysis pubis is superimposing a portion of the urniary bladder on an AP projection taking during a cystogram, the tech should...?
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Increase CR caudle angle
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Which position is most commonly performed during a voiding cystourethrogram on a male patient?
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30 degrees RPO
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