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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cervical Part |
the superior most region of the spinal cord - continuous with the medulla oblogata - cervical part contains neurons whose axons contribute to cervical spinal nerves and receive input form sensory neuron these spinal nerves |
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Thoracic Part |
lies inferior to the cervical part - contains neurons for the thoracic spinal nerves |
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Lumbar Part |
a shorter segment of the spinal cord that contains the neurons of the lumbar spinal nerves ` |
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Sacral Part |
lies inferior to the lumbar part and contain neurons for the sacral spinal nerves |
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Coccygeal Part |
the most inferior tip of the spinal cord - one pair of coccygeal spinal nerves arises form this region |
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Conus Medullaris |
the tapering inferior end of the spinal cord - makes the official end of the spinal cord |
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Cauda Equina |
- groups of axons collectively project interiorly form the spinal cord |
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Filum Ternimale |
thin strand of pia matter that helps anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx |
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External longitudinal Depressions |
- posterior median sulcus - anterior median sulcus |
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Cervical Enlargement |
- located in the inferior cervical part of the spinal cord and contains the neurons that innervate the upper limbs |
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Lumbosacral Enlarge |
- extends through the lumbar and sacral parts of the spinal cord and innervates the lower limb |
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Spinal Cord Meninges |
- protect and encapsulate the spinal cord |
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Epidural Spaces |
- spaces that lie between the dura mater and the periosteum covering the inner walls of the vertebrae and houses areloar connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue |
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Spinal Dura Mater |
- provide stability to the spinal cord - consist of one meningeal layer - extends to adjacent vertebrae and fuses with the connective tissue later that surrond the spinal cord |
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Subdural Space |
- seperades the dura mater form the arachnoid |
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Subarachnoid Space |
- a real space filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
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Pia Mater |
deep to the subrarachnoid space - delicate innermost meningeal layer composed of elastic and collagen fibers - directly adheres to the spinal cord |
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Denticulate Ligaments |
- triangular extensions of the spinal pia mater that attach to the dura mater - help suspend and anchor the spinal cord laterally to the dura mater |
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Gray Matter |
in the spinal cord is centrally located and its shape resembles a letter H butterfly - subdivided into four components |
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Anterior Horns |
- left and right anterior masses of gray matter - primarly house the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons with innervate the skeletal muscles |
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Lateral Horns |
- found in the T1 - L2 parts of the spinal cord only - contain the cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons which innervate the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands |
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Posterior Horns |
- the left and right posterior masses of gray matter - the axons of of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons |
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Gray Commissure |
- horizontal bar of gray matter that surrounds a narrow central canal - primarily contains unmyelinated axons and serves as a communication route between the right and left sides of the gray matter |
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Nuclei |
functional groups of neuron cell bodies |
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Sensory Nuclei |
the posterior horns contain interneuron cell bodies |
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Somatic Sensory Nuclei |
receive information from sensory receptors such as pain or pressure reception in the skin |
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Visceral Sensory Nuclei |
Receive information from sensory receptors such as the stretch receptors in the smooth muscle walls of viscera |
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Motor Nuclei |
the anterior and lateral horns contain motor neuron cell bodies that send nerve impulses to muscles and glands |
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Somatic Motor Nuclei |
Anterior horns innervate skeletal muscle while |
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Autonomic Motor Nuclei |
lateral horns innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
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Funiculus |
White matter partitioned into three regions |
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posterior funiculus |
lies between the posterior gray horns on the posterior side of the cord and posterior median sulcus |
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Lateral funiculus |
white matter region on each lateral side of the spinal cord |
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Anterior Funiculus |
composed of tracts of white matter that occupy the space on each anterior side of the cord between the anterior gray horns and the anterior median fissure |
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White Commissure |
interconnects the anterior funiculi |
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Anterior Rootless |
arise from the spinal cord and merge to form a single anterior root |
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Anterior Roots |
contains only motor axons - arise from cell bodies in the anterior and lateral horns of the spinal cord |
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Posterior Rootlets |
- enter the posterior aspect of the spinal cord - derive from a single posterior root which contains sensory neurons |
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Posterior Roots |
- contain sensory axons only - cell bodies of sensory axons are located in the posterior root ganglion |
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Spinal Nerve |
- have both a motor and sensory axons - anterior root and its corresponding posterior root |
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Posterior Ramus |
- Smallest spinal nerve after leaving the intervertebral foramen - it innervates the deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back |
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Anterior Ramus |
- larger of the two spinal nerve that leave the intervertebral foramen - splits into other multiple branches - innervate the the anterior and lateral portions of the trunk, upper limbs, and the lower limbs |
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Dermatome |
- specific sengment of skin supplies by a single spinal nerve |
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Referred Visceral Pain |
- a phenomenon in which pain or discomfort from one organ is mistaking refereed to a dermatome |
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Nerve Plexus |
network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves |
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Intercostal nerves |
anterior rami of spinal nerves T1- T11 because they travel in the intercostal space sandwiched between two adjacent ribs - do not form plexus |
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Cervical Plexus |
- located deep one each side of the neck immediately lateral to cervical vertebrae C1 - C4 - innervate anterior neck muscles as well as the skin of the neck and portions of head and shoulders |
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Phrenic Nerve |
- important branch of the cervical plexus - formed primary from the C4 nerve and some contributing axons from C3 and C5 - travels through the thoracic cavity to innervate the diaphragm |
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Brachial plexus |
- networks of nerves that supply the upper limb - formed form the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5 - T1 - innervates the pectoral girdle and the inter upper limb of one side |
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Superior Middle and Inferior Trunks |
- five roots of the brachial plexus unite to form the posterior triangle of the neck |
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Posterior and Anterior Divisions |
- portions of each trunk divide infeiror to the clavicle - primarily contain axons that innervate the anterior and posterior parts of the upper limb - converge to form three cords near the axillary artery |
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Posterior Cord |
- posterior to the axillary artery and if formed by the posterior dicison of the superior, middle, and inferior trunks |
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Medial Cord |
- medial to the axillary artery and if formed by the anterior division of the infeiror trunk |
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Lateral Cord |
is lateral to the axillary artery and it is formed from the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks |
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Terminal branches |
five major branches that emerge from the 3 cords |
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Axillary nerve |
Travels: through the axilla and posterior to the surgical neck of the humerus Emerges: from posterior cord of the brachial plexus Innervates: deltoid and teres minor |
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Musculocutaneous Nerve |
Arises: from the lateral cord the brachial plexus Innervates: anterior arms muscles and receives sensory information form the lateral surface of the forearm |
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Radial Nerve |
Arises: from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus Travels: along the posterior side of the arm and then along the radial side of the forearm Innervates: the posterior arm muscles and posterior forearm muscles and receives sensory information from the posterior arm |
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Ulnar Nerve |
Arises: the medial cord of the brachial plexus and descends along the medial side of the arm Innervates: some the anterior arm muscles and most of the intrinsic hand muscles |
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Lumbar Plexus |
- formed from the anterior rami of spinal nerves L1 - L4 - subdivided into anterior and posterior division |
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Femoral Nerve |
- main nerve of the lumbar plexus - supplies the anterior thigh muscles and also receives sensory information form the anterior and intermedial thigh as well as the medial aspect of the led |
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Obturator Nerve |
- travels: through the obturator foramen to the medial thigh and receives sensory information form the supermedial skin of the thigh |
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Sacral Plexuses |
- formed form the anterior rami of spinal nerves L4 and S4 Innervate: the gulteal region, pelvis, perineum, posterior thigh, and almost all the leg and foot |
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Sciatic Nerve |
- largest and longest nerve in the body - Projects: form the pelvis through the greater sciatic notch of the os coxae and extends to the posterior region of the thigh - separates into two nerves |
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Tibial Nerve (Sciatic Nerve) |
- formed from the anterior divison of the sicativ nerve - innervates the hamstrings and part of the adductor magnus |
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Common Fibular Nerve (Sciatic Nerve) |
- formed from the posterior divisions of the sciatic nerve - supplies the short head of the biceps femoris muscle - wraps around the head of the fibula - splits into two main branches |
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Deep Fibular Nerve (Common Fibular Nerve) |
- travels: in the anterior compartment of the leg and terminates between the first and second toe - supplies: anterior leg muscle and the muscles on the dorsum of the foot - receives: sensory innervation from skin between the first and second toes |
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Superficial Fibular Nerve |
- travels: in the lateral compartment of the leg - innervates: the lateral compartment muscles of the leg Conducts: sensory impulses from most of the dorsal surface of the foots and anterinferior part of the leg |
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Reflexes |
rapid, automatic, involuntary reacitons of msulces or glands to a stimulus |
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Properties of Reflexes |
- a stimulus is required - rapid response requires a few neurons to be involved - automatic response - involuntary response |
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Reflex Arc |
the neural wiring of a single reflex |
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Fives Steps of a Reflex Arc |
1) stimulus activates receptors 2) nerve impulses travels through sensory neuron to the CNS 3) information form the nerve impulses is processes n the integration center by interneurons 4) motor neuron transmit nerve impulses to effector 5) Effector responds to nerve impulse from motor neurons |
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isilateral reflex arc |
when both the receptor and effector organs of the reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord |
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Contraleral reflex arc |
when the sensory impulses form the receptor organ cross over the spinal cord to activate organs in the opposite limb |
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Monosynaptic Reflex |
the simplies of all reflexes - no interneurons are involved - very prompt reflex response |
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Polysynaptic Reflexes |
more complex neural pathways that exhibit a number of synapses involving interneurons with the reflex arc |
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Withdrawal Reflex |
polysnaptic reflex arc that is intiated by a pianful stimulus - stimulation of receptor organ cuases transmission of sensroy informaiton to the spinal cord |
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Stretch Reflex |
- monosynaptic reflex that monitors and regulates skeletal muscle length - stretch is monitored by muscle spindle |
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Golgi Tendon Reflex |
- a polysynaptic reflex that prevents skeletal muscle form tensing excessively - Golgi tendon organs are nerve endings located within the tendon to prevent excessive tension damage |
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Hypoactive reflex |
reflex response is diminished or absent - indicates damage to a dement of the spinal cord or muscle disease |
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Hyperactive reflex |
abnormal strong reflex - indicated damge somewhere in the brain or spinal cord |
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Clonus |
rhythmic oscillations between flexion and extension when the muscle reflex is tested |
