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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the leading reasons people may not seek treatment for their mental disorder? |
-People may not realize they have a disorder that could be effectively treated -there may be barriers to treatment, such as beliefs/circumstances that keep ppl from getting help -structural barriers prevent ppl from physically getting to treatment |
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What are reasons that people might not believe they have a mental disorder when they do? |
-not taken as seriously as physical illness because it's not always as obvious -people don't know when they have a disorder |
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What are examples of barriers in belief/circumstance to getting treatment for a mental disorder? |
-belief that they can handle things themselves (primary reason) -belief problem not severe -belief treatment would be ineffective -perceived stigma before others |
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What are examples of structural barriers that prevent people from physically getting to treatment? |
-affordability -lack of availability -inconvenience -trouble finding transportation to clinic |
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What does typical psychoanalysis consist of |
-four or five sessions over 3-6 years -client reclines on couch, turns away from analyst -asked to express whatever thoughts and feelings come to mind -occasional comments from researcher, but does not express values or judgments |
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what is the goal of psychoanalysis |
for the client to understand the unconscious in a process Freud called 'developing insight' |
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What are key techniques used in psychoanalysis to help the client develop insight |
-Free Association -Dream Analysis -Interpretation -Analysis of Resistance |
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What occurs during the psychoanalytic approach of free association? |
-client reports every thought that enters mind with no filter -strategy allows stream of consciousness to flow unimpeded -therapist may looks for themes |
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What occurs during the psychoanalytic approach of Dream Analysis? |
-psychoanalysis treats dreams as metaphors that symbolize unconscious conflicts -asks client to recall dream, after which client might be asked to participate in interpretation by free association with dream |
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What occurs during the psychoanalytic approach of Interpretation? |
-therapist deciphers meaning underlying what the client says and does -used in free ass. and dream analysis -therapist suggests possible meanings to the client, looking for signs that the correct meaning has been discovered |
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What occurs during the psychoanalytic approach of Analysis Resistance? |
-therapist may suggest interpretations that client finds particularly unacceptable -when client is insulted, researcher could interpret dismay as showing not that inference is wrong, but rather it's right on track |
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How do modern psychodynamic approaches differ from psychoanalysis procedurally? |
-sit face to face -therapy less intensive (once a week) -more likely to see relief as a realistic goal -more likely to offer support/advice in addition to interpretation -less likely to interpret a clients statements as sign of unconscious sexual/aggressive impulses |
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How do modern psychodynamic approaches differ from psychoanalysis based on content? |
-rather than free association, therapists use IPT to talk about behavior/feelings -particular attention to grief, role disputes, interpersonal deficits -assumes that as interpersonal relations improve, symptoms will subside |
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How are modern psychodynamic approaches similar to psychoanalysis? |
-transference still there -fostering insight into unconscious processes still out chea |
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How effective is psychodynamic therapy? |
-little evidence for its effectiveness -certain practices may actually be harmful |
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How are humanistic and existential therapies similair? How do they differ? |
they both assume that psychological problems stem from feelings of alienation and loneliness, and that those feelings can be traced to failures to reach one's potential (humanistic approach) or from failures to find meaning in life (existential approach) |
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What is the best known type of humanistic therapy? Existential? |
Humanistic: person-centered therapy Existential: gestalt therapy |
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What does person-centered therapy assume about the client? |
that each person is qualified to determine his or her own goals for therapy |
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-what occurs during person-centered therapy? |
-therapists tends not to provide advice/suggestions about what the client should be doing, but instead paraphrases clients words, mirroring their thoughts/sentiments -therapist believes client will recognize right things to do |
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what are three qualities person-centered therapists should demonstrate |
-congruence -empathy -unconditional positive regard |
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what is the goal of person-centered therapy? |
try to understand the client's experience and reflect that experience back to the client in a supportive way, encouraging the client's natural tendency towards growth |
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What is the goal of gestalt therapy? |
to have the client become aware of own thoughts, behaviors, feelings, and take responsibility for them. Clients are encouraged to put feelings into action |
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How might a gestalt therapist act towards their client? |
-enthusiastic, warm -reflect back to client own impressions -emphasize experiences and behaviors that clients are showcasing at that moment ('focusing') |
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What do behavioral and cognitive therapies emphasize? |
actively changing a person's current thoughts and behaviors as a way to decrease or eliminate their psychopathology |
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What are examples of behavior therapy treatments? |
-classical and operant conditioning procedures 1. Eliminating unwanted behaviors (consequences) 2. Promoting Desired behaviors (token economy) 3. Reducing Unwanted Emotional Responses (exposure therapy, habituation eg) |
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how does cognitive therapy differ from behavior therapy |
behavior therapy: focuses on changing bhvr cognitive therapy: focuses on correction of distorted thinking |
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How might a cognitive therapist conduct therapy to his client? |
-teach them to examine evidence for and against particular beliefs (cognitive restructuring techniques) -meditative techniques: mindfulness meditation
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Which method is most used today? cognitive, behavioral, or cognitive-behavioral therapy? |
cognitive-behavioral therapy |
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How is CBT different from cognitive and behavioral therapy? |
-it is problem focused (undertaken for specific problems) -action oriented (therapists assists client in selecting strategies) -client expected to actually do things -CBT is transparent in what client can know |
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What are focus areas and strategies of couples/family therapy |
-couples therapy: treatment targets both parties at once -family therapy: whole family is client -problems/solutions seen as arising from interaction of individuals rather than just one person |
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How would a therapist act in group therapy sessions |
-as more of a discussion leader than personal therapist |
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what are some advantages/disadvantages of group therapy |
advantages: -see people that are similar-- not alone -share insights on how to deal with problems -model appropriate behavior -often just as effective as individual therapy disadvantages: -difficult to assemble common individuals -problem when one member undermines treatment of others -less attention |
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What do antipsychotic medications do to neurotransmitters and why is this important? |
-block dopamine receptors -this is important because dopamine overactivity is related to positive symptoms of schizo |
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What is a limitation of antipsychotic drugs as they pertain to schizophrenia? |
negative symptoms such as emotional numbing/social withdrawal may be related to dopamine underactivity (therefore they don't help) |
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How are atypical (more modern) antipsychotics different from typical antipsychotics? |
-affect both dopamine and serotonin systems, blocking both receptors -this is better because it works as well with positive symptoms, while also helping negative symptoms |
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what are side effects of antipsychotic drugs |
-tardive dykinesia: involuntarily movements of face, mouth, extremities -side effects less for atypical antipsychotics |
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How do the most common antianxiety medications work? |
-most common: called benzeodiazepines -they block the NT GABA -this produces calm -generally have effect within minutes |
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What are reasons for caution in prescribing benzodiazepines? |
-potential for abuse: -drug tolerance -withdrawal risk -side effects: drowsiness, memory, coordination -mix with alcohol and u gon die |
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why are antidepressants risky to prescribe to people with bipolar? What should they instead be prescribed with? |
-it might send them into mania -instead, they need mood stabilizers such as lithium and valporate |
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What are examples of disorders where medication is more effective than psychotherapy |
schizophrenia and bipolar disorder |
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what are examples of disorders where medication and psychological treatments are equally effective? |
mood and anxiety disorders |
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Why is Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) generally used |
-treat severe depression that has not responded to antidepressant medications -may also be used for bipolar |
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what are side effects of ECT |
-short term memory loss -head/muscle aches afterward -treatment can be effective tho |
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When is transcranial magnetic stimulation used? Why is it advantageous to use? |
-used for depression -can also treat auditory hallucinations in schizo -advantageous because it is noninvasive and has few side effects |
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for whom is phototherapy advantageous to use? |
-used for people with SAD |
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when/for whom is psychosurgery advantageous to use? |
-rarely used now -extreme cases where nothing else has worked -people with OCD (is shown to be very helpful) |
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what are specific types of psychosurgery someone with OCD may have done on them |
-cingulotomy (involves destroying corpus callosum) -anterior capsulotomy (creating small legions lesions disrupting pathways btwn caudate nucleus and putamen -is shown to work |
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what is deep brain stimulation (DBS) |
-combines psychosurgery with electrical current use |
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What are three ways that people obtain illusions of treatment |
-Natural improvement -Placebo effect -reconstructive memory |
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What type of people might be most susceptible to fall for a placebo? |
-people with anxiety, depression and other emotional problems |
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What are the ethical standards that psychologists must hold themselves to when treating mental disorders? |
1. strive to benefit clients and do no harm 2. establish trust with client 3. promoting accuracy, honesty, truthfulness 4. seeking fairness in treatment and avoid bias 5. respect dignity/worth of all people |
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What is the most common antidepressant |
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) -incl prozac, celexa, paxil |
