Chapter 16 Fire Streams

Front 1

Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a specified unit of mass material 1 degree in temperature

Back 1

Specific Heat

Front 2

Quantity of heat absorbed by a substance at the point at which it changes from a liquid to a vapor

Back 2

Latent Heat of Vaporization

Front 3

Loss of pressure created by the turbulence of water moving against the interior walls of fire hose, pipes, fittings, and adapters

Back 3

Friction Loss

Front 4

Force created by the rapid deceleration of water causing a violent increase in pressure that can be powerful enough to rupture piping or damage fixtures. Generally results from closing a valve or nozzle too quickly

Back 4

Water Hammer

Front 5

Stream of water or other water-based extinguishing agent after it leaves the fire hose and nozzle until it reaches the desired point

Back 5

Fire Stream

Front 6

The minimum flow rate at which extinguishment can be achieved

Back 6

Critical Flow Rate

Front 7

Hose stream that stays together as a solid mass, produced by a smooth bore nozzle and should not be confused with a straight stream

Back 7

Solid Stream

Front 8

A nozzle with a straight, smooth tip, designed to produce a solid fire stream

Back 8

Smooth Bore Nozzle

Front 9

Velocity pressure at which water is discharged from the nozzle

Back 9

Nozzle Pressure

Front 10

Fire stream of finely divided particles used for fire control

Back 10

Fog Stream

Front 11

An adjustable pattern nozzle equipped with a shutoff control device

Back 11

Fog Nozzle

Front 12

Semi-solid stream that is produced by a fog nozzle

Back 12

Straight Stream

Front 13

Stream of water that has been broken into coarsely divided drops

Back 13

Broken Stream

Front 14

Large caliber water stream usually supplied by combining two or more hoselines into a manifold device or by fixed piping that delivers 350 gallons per minute or more

Back 14

Master Stream

Front 15

Valve having a ball-shaped internal component with a hole through its center that permits water to flow through when aligned with the waterway

Back 15

Ball Valve

Front 16

Counter force directed against a person holding a nozzle or a device holding a nozzle by the velocity of water being discharged

Back 16

Nozzle Reaction

Front 17

An adjustable-pattern fog nozzle in which the rated discharge is delivered at a designated nozzle pressure and nozzle setting

Back 17

Basic Fog Nozzle

Front 18

An adjustable-pattern fog nozzle in which the pressure remains relatively constant through a range of discharge rates

Back 18

Constant Pressure (automatic) Fog Nozzle

Front 19

An adjustable pattern fog nozzle that discharges a constant discharge rate throughout the range of patterns at a designed nozzle pressure

Back 19

Constant Gallonage Fog Nozzle

Front 20

A constant discharge rate fog nozzle with a feature that allows manual adjustment of the orifice to affect a predetermined discharge rate while the nozzle is flowing

Back 20

Constant/Select Gallonage Fog Nozzle

Front 21

Extinguishing agent formed by mixing a foam concentrate with water and aerating the solution for expansion; for use on Class A and Class B fires

Back 21

Foam

Front 22

Works by forming a blanket on the surface of burning fuels- both liquid and solid

Back 22

How Foam generally works

Front 23

Separating, Cooling, Smothering, and Penetrating

Back 23

How Foam extinguishes and/or prevents ignition

Front 24

Chemical compound solution that is mixed with water and air to produce finished foam; may be protein, synthetic, aqueous film forming, high expansion, or alcohol types

Back 24

Foam Concentrate

Front 25

Device that introduces foam concentrate into the water stream to make the foam solution

Back 25

Foam Proportioner

Front 26

Mixture of foam concentrate and water before the introduction of air

Back 26

Foam Solution

Front 27

Completed product after air is introduced into the foam solution

Back 27

Finished Foam

Front 28

Result of adding air to a foam solution consisting of water and foam concentrate. Expansion creates foam bubbles that result in finished foam or foam blanket

Back 28

Foam Expansion

Front 29

Low-expansion Foam, Medium-expansion Foam, and High-expansion Foam

Back 29

Three classifications of Foam

Front 30

Has an air/solution ratio up to 20 parts finished foam for every part of foam solution (20 to 1)

Effective for controlling and extinguishing most Class B fires. Also effective for cooling and penetrating Class A fires

Back 30

Low-expansion Foam

Front 31

Has an air/solution ratio between 20 to 1 to 200 to 1 through hydraulically operated nozzle-style delivery devices.

Used to suppress vapors from hazardous materials spills when applied at expansion ratios of 30 to 1 and 55 to 1

Back 31

Medium-expansion Foam

Front 32

Synthetic foaming agents created by foam generators at ratios from 200 to 1 to 1000 to 1. Typically used in confined spaces such as shipboard compartments, basements, mines, and enclosed aircraft hangers

Back 32

High-expansion Foam

Front 33

Hydrocarbon based surfactants, are essentially wetting agents that reduce the surface tension of water and allow it to soak into combustible materials more easily than plain water

Back 33

Class A Foam

Front 34

Chemical that lowers the surface tension of a liquid; allows water to spread more rapidly over the surface of Class A fuels and penetrate organic fuels

Back 34

Surfactant

Front 35

Force minimizing a liquid surface's area.

The effect of a surfactant on the water/concentration solution; allows the water to spread more rapidly over the surface of Class A fuels and penetrate organic fuels

Back 35

Surface Tension

Front 36

Used to prevent the ignition of or to extinguish fires involving flammable and combustible liquids. Also used to suppress vapors from unignited spills of these liquids

Back 36

Class B Foam

Front 37

Hydrocarbon Fuels- crude oil, fuel oil, gasoline, benzene, naptha, jet fuel, & kerosene

Polar Solvents- alcohols, acetone, lacquer thinner, ketones, esters, acids

Back 37

Types of liquid fuels that Class B Foam is effective on

Front 38

Synthetic foam concentrate that, when combined with water, can form a complete barrier over fuel spills and fires and is a highly effective extinguishing and blanketing agent on hydrocarbon fuels

Back 38

Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF)

Front 39

Foam concentrate that combines the qualities of fluoroprotein foam with those of aqueous film forming foam

Back 39

Film Forming Fluoroprotein Foam (FFFP)

Front 40

Having a thick, sticky, adhesive consistency

Back 40

Viscous

Front 41

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

Back 41

pH

Front 42

Mixing of water with an appropriate amount of foam concentrate to form a foam solution

Back 42

Proportioning

Front 43

Eduction, Injection, Batch-mixing, Premixing

Back 43

Four basic methods by which foam may be proportioned

Front 44

Process used to mix foam concentrate with water in a nozzle or proportioner; concentrate is drawn into the water stream by the Venturi method

Back 44

Eduction

AKA Induction

Front 45

Physical law stating that when a fluid, such as water or air, is forced under pressure through a restricted orifice, there is an increase in velocity of the fluid passing through the orifice and a corresponding decrease in the pressure exerted in the sides of the constriction. Because the surrounding fluid is under greater pressure, it is forced into the area of lower pressure

Back 45

Venturi Principle

AKA Venturi Effect

Front 46

Method of proportioning foam that uses an external pump or head pressure to force foam concentrate into the fire stream at the correct ratio for the flow desired

Back 46

Injection

Front 47

Mixing premeasured portions of water and foam concentrate in a container. Typically used with portable extinguishers, wheeled extinguishers, skid mounted twin agent units, and vehicle mounted tank systems

Back 47

Premixing

Front 48

Generic term used to describe a high energy foam generating system consisting of a water pump, a foam proportioning system, and an air compressor (or other air source) that injects air into the foam solution before it enters a hoseline

Back 48

Compressed Air Foam System

(CAFS)

Front 49

Eductor that is placed along the length of a hoseline

Back 49

In-line Eductor

Front 50

Any nozzle that can be safely handled by one to three firefighters and flows less than 350 gallons per minute

Back 50

Handline Nozzle

Front 51

Stream reach is considerably longer

Hoselines are lighter

Foam produced is very durable

Foam produced adheres well to vertical surfaces

Back 51

Advantages of CAFS

Front 52

Add expense to the purchase and maintenance of the apparatus

Stored energy can create a high nozzle reaction

Additional training is required for firefighters and driver/operators

Back 52

Disadvantages of CAFS

Front 53

May be used with AFFF on hydrocarbon fires but should not be used on polar solvents because insufficient aeration occurs to handle the polar solvent fires

Back 53

Fog Nozzles

Front 54

The most effective appliance for the generation of low-expansion foam

Inducts air into the foam solution using the Venturi Principle

Back 54

Air-aspirating Foam Nozzles

Front 55

Uses a solid agent container that is inserted into the specially perforated foam sleeve between the hoseline and an adjustable fog nozzle

Each 1 1/2 pound cartridge of solid agent is equal to 5 gallons liquid agent and will treat approximately 660 gallons of water

Back 55

Specialized Application System

Front 56

Water-aspirating type nozzle, Mechanical blower generator

Back 56

Two basic types of Medium and High Expansion Foam Generators

Front 57

Creates a barrier between the fuel and fire

Back 57

Separating

Front 58

Lowers the temperature of the fuel and adjacent surfaces

Back 58

Cooling

Front 59

Prevents air from reaching the fuel and mixing with vapors and prevents the release of flammable vapors

Back 59

Smothering

Front 60

Lowers the surface tension of water and allows it to penetrate fires in Class A materials

Back 60

Penetrating