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29 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The nasal and oral cavities are connected to the larynx and esophagus by the __________.
pharynx
The epiglottis demarcates the border between the ____________and the ____________
oropharynx

hypopharynx.
The __________ is the predommant cause of resistance in the oropharynx
tongue
The ________ is between the third and the sixth cervical vertebrae.
adult larynx
The trachea begins at the _________ and extends to the ______, which overlies the fifth thoracic vertebra.

length

_____ horseshoe shaped cartilages
sixth cervical vertebra

carina


10 to 15 cm


16 to 20 horseshoe shaped cartilages
Mallampati 1
Class I: The soft palate, fauces, uvula, and tonsillar pillars are visible.
Mallampati 2
Class II: The soft palate, fauces, and uvula are visible.
Mallampati 3
Class III: The soft palate and base of the uvula are visible.
Mallampati 4
Class IV: The soft palate is not visible.
Components of the Preoperative Airway Physical Examination
Nonreassuring findings

Length of upper incisors
Relatively long
Components of the Preoperative Airway Physical Examination
Nonreassuring findings

Relationship of the maxillary and mandibular incisors during normal jaw closure
Prominent overbite (maxillary incisors anterior to the mandibular incisors)
Components of the Preoperative Airway Physical Examination
Nonreassuring findings

Interincisor distance
Less than 3 cm
Components of the Preoperative Airway Physical Examination
Nonreassuring findings

Shape of the palate
Highly arched or very narrow
Components of the Preoperative Airway Physical Examination
Nonreassuring findings

Thyromental distance
Less than three fingerbreadths
Components of the Preoperative Airway Physical Examination
Nonreassuring findings

Range of motion of the head and neck
Patient cannot touch the tip of the chin to the chest or cannot extend the neck
5 Independent variables associated with difficult facemask ventilation are
(1) age older than 55 years,
(2) a body mass index greater than 26 kg/m2,
(3) a beard,
(4) lack of teeth, and
(5) a history of snoring,
AIRWAY ADJUNCTS
Oral and nasal airways are designed to create an air passage by
displacing the tongue from the posterior pharyngeal wall.
TECHNIQUE

[he tube is advanced until the proximal end of the cuff is
1 to 2 cm past the vocal cords, which should place the distal end of the tube midway between the vocal cords and carina.
the most reliable confirmatory sign of tracheal pltcement of the tube.
['he immediate and sustained presence of carbon dioxide in the exhaled gases from the tracheal tube as detected by capnography (end-tidal Pco2 >30 mmHg for three to five consecutive breaths) is the most reliable confinnatory sign of tracheal placement of the tube.
Tongue and Oropharynx

Topicalization may be achieved by
aerosolized local anesbe or by bilateral block of the glossopharyngeal nerve at the base of each anterior tonsillar pillar. Approximately 2 mL of 2% lidocaine injected at a depth of 0.5 cm is sufficient to block the glossopharyngeal nerves.
Flexion of the patient's head may advance the tube up to 1.9 cm and convert a tracheal placement into an endobronchial intubation, especially in children. Conversely, extension of the head can withdraw the tube up to ____ and result in pharyngeal placement. Lateral rotation of the head moves the distal end of the tracheal tube approximately ____________.
1.9 cm


0.7 cm.
two most serious potential immediate complications after tracheal extubation.
Laryngospasm and inhalation of gastric contents are the two most serious potential immediate complications after tracheal extubation.
Laryngospasm is unlikely if
the depth of anesthesia is sufficient during tracheal extubation (laryngeal reflexes suppressed) or the patient is allowed to awaken before tracheal extubation (laryngeal reflexes intact)
most frequent complaint after tracheal extubation,
Pharyngitis
The infant larynx is located higher in the neck at
level of C3-4
the adult larynx is at the level of
C 4-5.
The narrowest portion of an infant's airway is
cricoid cartilage,
the narrowest portion of an adult's airway is
the vocal cords.
Endotracheal tube (ID) size infant is
(Age + 16)/4 = Endotracheal tube (ID) size