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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The nasal and oral cavities are connected to the larynx and esophagus by the __________.
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pharynx
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The epiglottis demarcates the border between the ____________and the ____________
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oropharynx
hypopharynx. |
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The __________ is the predommant cause of resistance in the oropharynx
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tongue
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The ________ is between the third and the sixth cervical vertebrae.
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adult larynx
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The trachea begins at the _________ and extends to the ______, which overlies the fifth thoracic vertebra.
length _____ horseshoe shaped cartilages |
sixth cervical vertebra
carina 10 to 15 cm 16 to 20 horseshoe shaped cartilages |
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Mallampati 1
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Class I: The soft palate, fauces, uvula, and tonsillar pillars are visible.
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Mallampati 2
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Class II: The soft palate, fauces, and uvula are visible.
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Mallampati 3
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Class III: The soft palate and base of the uvula are visible.
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Mallampati 4
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Class IV: The soft palate is not visible.
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Components of the Preoperative Airway Physical Examination
Nonreassuring findings Length of upper incisors |
Relatively long
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Components of the Preoperative Airway Physical Examination
Nonreassuring findings Relationship of the maxillary and mandibular incisors during normal jaw closure |
Prominent overbite (maxillary incisors anterior to the mandibular incisors)
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Components of the Preoperative Airway Physical Examination
Nonreassuring findings Interincisor distance |
Less than 3 cm
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Components of the Preoperative Airway Physical Examination
Nonreassuring findings Shape of the palate |
Highly arched or very narrow
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Components of the Preoperative Airway Physical Examination
Nonreassuring findings Thyromental distance |
Less than three fingerbreadths
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Components of the Preoperative Airway Physical Examination
Nonreassuring findings Range of motion of the head and neck |
Patient cannot touch the tip of the chin to the chest or cannot extend the neck
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5 Independent variables associated with difficult facemask ventilation are
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(1) age older than 55 years,
(2) a body mass index greater than 26 kg/m2, (3) a beard, (4) lack of teeth, and (5) a history of snoring, |
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AIRWAY ADJUNCTS
Oral and nasal airways are designed to create an air passage by |
displacing the tongue from the posterior pharyngeal wall.
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TECHNIQUE
[he tube is advanced until the proximal end of the cuff is |
1 to 2 cm past the vocal cords, which should place the distal end of the tube midway between the vocal cords and carina.
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the most reliable confirmatory sign of tracheal pltcement of the tube.
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['he immediate and sustained presence of carbon dioxide in the exhaled gases from the tracheal tube as detected by capnography (end-tidal Pco2 >30 mmHg for three to five consecutive breaths) is the most reliable confinnatory sign of tracheal placement of the tube.
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Tongue and Oropharynx
Topicalization may be achieved by |
aerosolized local anesbe or by bilateral block of the glossopharyngeal nerve at the base of each anterior tonsillar pillar. Approximately 2 mL of 2% lidocaine injected at a depth of 0.5 cm is sufficient to block the glossopharyngeal nerves.
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Flexion of the patient's head may advance the tube up to 1.9 cm and convert a tracheal placement into an endobronchial intubation, especially in children. Conversely, extension of the head can withdraw the tube up to ____ and result in pharyngeal placement. Lateral rotation of the head moves the distal end of the tracheal tube approximately ____________.
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1.9 cm
0.7 cm. |
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two most serious potential immediate complications after tracheal extubation.
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Laryngospasm and inhalation of gastric contents are the two most serious potential immediate complications after tracheal extubation.
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Laryngospasm is unlikely if
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the depth of anesthesia is sufficient during tracheal extubation (laryngeal reflexes suppressed) or the patient is allowed to awaken before tracheal extubation (laryngeal reflexes intact)
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most frequent complaint after tracheal extubation,
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Pharyngitis
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The infant larynx is located higher in the neck at
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level of C3-4
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the adult larynx is at the level of
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C 4-5.
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The narrowest portion of an infant's airway is
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cricoid cartilage,
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the narrowest portion of an adult's airway is
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the vocal cords.
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Endotracheal tube (ID) size infant is
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(Age + 16)/4 = Endotracheal tube (ID) size
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