Chapter 15: The Urinary System

Front 1

ablation

Back 1

removal of a part, pathway, or function by one of the following methods: surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, or radiofrequency

Front 2

antiseptic

Back 2

a substance that tends to inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms

Front 3

arteriole

Back 3

the smallest branch of an artery

Front 4

aseptic technique

Back 4

any health care procedure in which precautions are taken to prevent contamination of a person, object, or area by microorganisms

Front 5

azotemia

Back 5

the presence of excessive amounts of waste products of metabolism (nitrogenous compounds) in the blood caused by failure of the kidneys to remove urea from the blood. azotemia is characteristic of uremia

Front 6

Bowman's capsule

Back 6

the cup-shaped end of a renal tubule containing a glomerulus; aka glomerular capsule

Front 7

calculus

Back 7

an abnormal stone formed in the body tissues by an accumulation of mineral salts; usually formed in the gall bladder and kidney; see renal calculus

Front 8

calyx

Back 8

the cup-shaped division of the renal pelvis through which urine passes from the renal tubules

Front 9

cortex

Back 9

the outer layer of a body organ or structure

Front 10

cystocele

Back 10

herniation or downward protrusion of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina

Front 11

cystometer

Back 11

an instrument that measures bladder capacity in relation to changing pressure

Front 12

cystopexy

Back 12

surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall

Front 13

cystoscope

Back 13

an instrument used to view the interior of the bladder. it consists of an outer sheath with a lighting system, a scope for viewing, and a passage for catheters and devices used in surgical procedures; may also be referred to as a "cysto."

Front 14

dialysate

Back 14

solution that contains water and electrolytes that passes through the artificial kidney to remove excess fluids and wastes from the blood; also called "bath"

Front 15

dialysis

Back 15

the process of removing waste products from the blood when the kidneys are unable to do so. hemodialysis involves passing the blood through an artificial kidney for filtering out impurities. peritoneal dialysis involves introducing fluid into the abdomen through a catheter. through the process of osmosis, this fluid draws waste products out of the capillaries into the abdominal cavity. it is then removed from the abdomen via a catheter

Front 16

dwell time

Back 16

length of time the dialysis solution stays in the peritoneal cavity during peritoneal dialysis

Front 17

epispadias

Back 17

a congential defect (birth defect) in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis at some point near the glans

Front 18

fossa

Back 18

a hollow or depression, especially on the surface of the end of a bone. in kidney transplantation the donor kidney is surgically placed in the iliac fossa of the recipient

Front 19

glomerular filtrate

Back 19

substances that filter out of the blood through the thin walls of the glomeruli (eg: water, sugar, salts and nitrogenous waste products such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid)

Front 20

glomerulus

Back 20

a ball-shaped collection of very tiny coiled and intertwined capillaries, located in the cortex of the kidney

Front 21

hilum

Back 21

the depression, or pit, of an organ where the vessels and nerves enter

Front 22

hydrostatic pressure

Back 22

the pressure exerted by a liquid

Front 23

hydroureter

Back 23

the distension of the ureter with urine due to blockage from an obstruction

Front 24

meatus

Back 24

an opening or tunnel through any part of the body, as in the urinary meatus, which is the external opening of the urethra

Front 25

medulla

Back 25

the most internal part of a structure or organ

Front 26

micturition

Back 26

the act of eliminating urine from the bladder; also called voiding or urination

Front 27

nephrolith

Back 27

a kidney stone; aka renal calculus

Front 28

nephrolithiasis

Back 28

a condition of kidney stones; aka renal calculi

Front 29

neurogenic bladder

Back 29

a bladder dysfunction that results from interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination; may be due to disease of the CNS or peripheral nerves involved in the control of urination

Front 30

palpable

Back 30

distinguishable by touch

Front 31

peritoneum

Back 31

a specific serous membrane that covers the entire abdominal wall of the body and is reflected over the contained viscera; the inner lining of the abdominal cavity

Front 32

peritonitis

Back 32

inflammation of the peritoneum (the membrane lining the abdominal cavity)

Front 33

pyelitis

Back 33

inflammation of the renal pelvis

Front 34

radiopaque

Back 34

not permitting the passage of X-rays or other radiant energy. radiopaque areas appear white on an exposed x-ray film

Front 35

renal artery

Back 35

one of a pair of large arteries, branching from the abdominal aorta, that supplies blood to the kidneys, adrenal glands, and ureters

Front 36

renal calculus

Back 36

a stone formation in the kidney (plural: renal calculi) aka nephrolith

Front 37

renal pelvis

Back 37

the central collecting part of the kidney that narrows into the large upper end of the ureter. it receives urine through the calyces and drains it into the ureters

Front 38

renal tubule

Back 38

a long, twisted tube that leads away from the glomerulus of the kidney to the collecting tubules. as the glomerular filtrate passes through the renal tubules, the water, sugar, and salts are reabsorbed into the bloodstream through the network of capillaries that surround them

Front 39

renal vein

Back 39

one of the two vessels that carries blood away from the kidney

Front 40

residual urine

Back 40

urine that remains in the bladder after urination

Front 41

solute

Back 41

a substance dissolved in a solution, as in the waste products filtered out of the kidney into the urine

Front 42

specific gravity

Back 42

the weight of a substance compared with an equal volume of water, which is considered to be the standard. water is considered to have a specific gravity of 1. therefore, a substance with a specific gravity of 2 would be twice as dense as water.

Front 43

turbid

Back 43

cloudy

Front 44

uremia

Back 44

the presence of excessive amounts of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood; aka azotemia

Front 45

ureter

Back 45

one of a pair of tubes that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

Front 46

ureterectasis

Back 46

stretching or dilation of a ureter

Front 47

ureterorrhagia

Back 47

excessive flow or discharge of blood from the ureter

Front 48

urethra

Back 48

a small tubular structure that drains urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

Front 49

urtheritis

Back 49

inflammation of the urethra. characterized by dysuria, is usually the result of an infection of the bladder or kidneys

Front 50

urethropexy

Back 50

surgical fixation of the urethra

Front 51

urethrostenosis

Back 51

narrowing of the urethra

Front 52

urinary incontinence

Back 52

inability to control urination; the inability to retain urine in the bladder

Front 53

urinary retention

Back 53

an abnormal involuntary accumulation of urine in the bladder; the inability to empty the bladder

Front 54

urine

Back 54

the fluid released by the kidneys, transported by the ureters, retained in the bladder, and eliminated through the urethra. normal urine is clear, straw colored, and slightly acidic

Front 55

vesicocele

Back 55

herniation or downward protrusion of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina; cystocele

Front 56

vesicovaginal fistula

Back 56

an abnormal opening between the urinary bladder and the vagina

Front 57

voiding

Back 57

the act of eliminating urine from the body; aka micturition or urination

Front 58

albumin/o

Back 58

albumin, protein

Front 59

azot/o

Back 59

nitrogen

Front 60

bacteri/o

Back 60

bacteria

Front 61

cali/o, calic/o

Back 61

calyx, calyces

Front 62

-cele

Back 62

herniation or swelling

Front 63

cyst/o

Back 63

bladder, sac, or cyst

Front 64

dips/o

Back 64

thirst

Front 65

epi-

Back 65

upon, over

Front 66

-genic

Back 66

pertaining to formation, producing

Front 67

glomerul/o

Back 67

glomerulus

Front 68

ket/o, keton/o

Back 68

ketone bodies

Front 69

meat/o

Back 69

meatus

Front 70

nephr/o

Back 70

kidney

Front 71

neur/o

Back 71

nerve

Front 72

noct/i

Back 72

night

Front 73

olig/o

Back 73

few, little, scanty

Front 74

-pexy

Back 74

surgical fixation

Front 75

pyel/o

Back 75

renal pelvis

Front 76

py/o

Back 76

pus

Front 77

ren/o

Back 77

kidney

Front 78

-rrhagia

Back 78

excessive flow or discharge

Front 79

-stenosis

Back 79

tightening or narrowing

Front 80

ureter/o

Back 80

ureter

Front 81

urethr/o

Back 81

urethra

Front 82

ur/o, urin/o

Back 82

urine

Front 83

-uria

Back 83

urine condition

Front 84

vesic/o

Back 84

urinary bladder

Front 85

Common Signs & Symptoms

Back 85

pages 688-689

Front 86

cystitis

Back 86

inflammation of the urinary bladder

Front 87

glomerulonephritis (acute)

Back 87

an inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidneys

Front 88

hydronephrosis

Back 88

distension of the pelvis and calyces of the kidney caused by urine that cannot flow past on obstruction in a ureter

Front 89

nephrotic syndrome

Back 89

a group of clinical symptoms occurring when damage to the glomerulus of the kidney is present and large quantities of protein are lost through the glomerular membrane into the urine, resulting in severe proteinuria (presence of large amounts of protein in the urine); aka nephrosis

Front 90

polycystic kidney disease

Back 90

a hereditary disorder of the kidneys in which grapelike, fluid-filled sacs or cysts replace normal kidney tissue

Front 91

pyelonephritis

Back 91

a bacterial infection of the renal pelvis of the kidney

Front 92

renal cell carcinoma

Back 92

a malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in adulthood

Front 93

renal failure, chronic

Back 93

progressively slow development of kidney failure occurring over a period of years. the late stages are known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

Front 94

vesicoureteral reflux

Back 94

an abnormal backflow (reflux) of urine from the bladder to the ureter

Front 95

Wilms' tumor

Back 95

a malignant tumor of the kidney occurring predominantly in childhood

Front 96

peritoneal dialysis

Back 96

page 694-696

Front 97

hemodialysis

Back 97

the process of removing excess fluids and toxins from the blood by continually shunting the patient's blood from the body into a dialysis machine for filtering and then returning the clean blood to the patient's bloodstream

Front 98

kidney transplantation

Back 98

involves the surgical implantation of a healthy human donor kidney into the body of a patient with irreversible renal failure. kidney function is restored with a successful transplant, and the patient no longer depends on dialysis

Front 99

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Back 99

a blood test performed to determine the amount of urea and nitrogen (waste products normally excreted by the kidney) present in the blood

Front 100

catheterization

Back 100

the introduction of a catheter (flexible hollow tube) into a body cavity or organ to instill a substance or to remove a fluid

Front 101

creatinine clearance test

Back 101

a diagnostic test for kidney function that measures the filtration rate of creatinine, a waste product (of muscle metabolism) normally removed by the kidney

Front 102

cystometrography

Back 102

an examination performed to evaluate bladder tone; measuring bladder pressure during filling and voiding

Front 103

cystoscopy

Back 103

the process of viewing the interior of the bladder, using a cystoscope

Front 104

extracorporeal lithotripsy

Back 104

aka extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. this is a noninvasive mechanical procedure for using sound waves to break up renal calculi so that they can pass through the ureters

Front 105

intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

Back 105

aka intravenous pyelography or excretory urogram. this radiographic procedure provides visualization of the entire urinary tract: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

Front 106

KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder)

Back 106

an x-ray of the lower abdomen that defines the size, shape, and location of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. a contrast medium is not used with this x-ray

Front 107

renal angiography

Back 107

x-ray visualization of the internal anatomy of the renal blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium

Front 108

renal scan

Back 108

a procedure in which a radioactive isotope (tracer) is injected intravenously, and the radioactivity over each kidney is measured as the tracer passes through the kidney

Front 109

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

Back 109

a radiographic procedure in which small-caliber catheters are passed through a cystoscope into the ureters to visualize the ureters and the renal pelvis

Front 110

ultrasonography

Back 110

aka ultrasound. this is a procedure in which sound waves are transmitted into the body structures as a small transducer is passed over the patient's skin

Front 111

urinalysis

Back 111

a physical, chemical, or microscopic examination of urine

Front 112

urine culture

Back 112

a procedure used to cultivate the growth of bacteria present in a urine specimen for proper microscopic identification of the specific pathogen (disease-producing microorganism)

Front 113

24-hour urine specimen

Back 113

a collection of all of the urine excreted by the individual over a 24 hour period. the urine is collected in one large container. this urine specimen is also called composite urine specimen

Front 114

voiding cystourethrography

Back 114

x-ray visualization of the bladder and urethra during the voiding process, after the bladder has been filled with a contrast material

Front 115

catheterized specimen

Back 115

using aseptic techniques, a very small straight catheter is inserted into the bladder via the urethra to withdraw a urine specimen. the urine flows through the catheter into a sterile specimen container

Front 116

clean-catch specimen

Back 116

this collection is used to avoid contamination of the urine specimen from the microorganisms normally present on the external genitalia

Front 117

first-voided specimen

Back 117

the patient is instructed to collect the first-voided specimen of the morning and to refrigerate it until it can be taken to the medical office or lab.

Front 118

random specimen

Back 118

a urine specimen that is collected at anytime

Front 119

residual urine specimen

Back 119

a residual urine specimen is obtained by catheterization after the patient empties the bladder by voiding. the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after voiding is noted as the residual amount

Front 120

ADH

Back 120

antidiuretic hormone

Front 121

AGN

Back 121

acute glomerular nephritis

Front 122

ARF

Back 122

acute renal failure

Front 123

BUN

Back 123

blood urea nitrogen

Front 124

CAPD

Back 124

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Front 125

CCPD

Back 125

continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis

Front 126

CRF

Back 126

chronic renal failure

Front 127

C & S

Back 127

culture and sensitivity

Front 128

Cysto

Back 128

cystoscopy

Front 129

EPO

Back 129

erythropoietin

Front 130

ERSD

Back 130

end-stage renal disease

Front 131

ESWL

Back 131

extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

Front 132

GFR

Back 132

glomerular filtration rate

Front 133

HD

Back 133

hemodialysis

Front 134

IVP

Back 134

intravenous pyelogram

Front 135

KUB

Back 135

kidneys, ureters, bladder

Front 136

RP

Back 136

retrograde pyelogram

Front 137

sp.gr.

Back 137

specific gravity

Front 138

UA

Back 138

urinalysis

Front 139

UTI

Back 139

urinary tract infection

Front 140

VCUG

Back 140

voiding cystourethrogram