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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the amino acids in proteins are joined together by |
peptide bonds |
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translation takes place on |
ribosomes |
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beadle and tatum used biochemical mutants in neurospora to confirm garrod's hypothesis that genes encode |
enzymes |
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during tRNA charging, an amino acid binds to the ______end of tRNA |
3' |
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beadle and tatum studied mutants in neurospora called _______which are not able to grow on minimal media because they are unable to synthesize one or more essential biological molecules. |
auxotrophs |
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Order of Prokaryotic translation |
1. removal of IF3 from the 30s ribosomal subunit 2. 30 S initiation complex assembly 3. 70 S inititation complex assembly 4. peptide bond forms between two amino acids 5. ribosome translocation |
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what amino acid displays different chemical property on the side chain than the rest? |
serine (s) |
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initiation factor 1 |
operates during initiation of translation, which follows tRNA charging |
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what operates earliest in the process of tranlsation? |
amino-acyl tRNA synthetases |
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amino-acyl tRNA synthetases |
attach the correct amino acids to the tRNA during charging , which is the first stage of translation |
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two_______structures in proteins are the beta pleated sheet and the alpha helix |
secondary |
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in a polyribosome, the polypeptides associated with which ribosome will be the longest? |
those at the 3' end of mRNA because they are reaching completion of translation |
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the minimum number of nucleotides per codon needed to specify 20 amino acids is |
3 |
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compounds that occur later in the pathway have more + marks associated with them |
werdw |
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all amino acids contain a ______ and a ______ functional group as well as a single hydrogen bonded to the central carbon in the structure |
carboxyl; amino |
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the secondary and tertiary structure of a protein are largely determined by the ______structure of a protein |
primary |
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beadle and tatutm proposed that each gene encodes a single enzyme. a more modern understanding is that each gene encodes a single |
polypeptide |
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the reading frame for a particular mRNA is set by the _____codon |
initiation codon |
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what process operates last in the process of translation? |
release factor 1 |
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the genetic code is _______meaning that some amino acids are encoded by more than one codon |
degenerate |
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what binds to the codon 5'-UAG-3' |
release factor 1
binds to the stop codon to bring about the termination of translation |
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during translation, amino acids are connected together by the ________ center of the large ribosomal subunit |
peptidyl transferase |
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all proteins are made of |
amino acids |
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a group of three adjacent nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that specifies a single amino acid of a polypeptide is a |
codon |
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because the genetic code is nearly _______, an mRNA derived from the human gene for insulin can produce human insulin when transcribed and translated in bacteria |
universal |
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what allows ribosomes in bacteria to resume translation after they have stalled at the end of an abnormal mRNA that lacks a stop codon? |
transfer messenger RNA (tmRNA) |
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quaternary |
hemoglobin consists of two alpha globin polypeptides and two beta globin polypeptides. which level of protein structure is present in hemoglobin but is absent in the alpha and beta polypeptides that make up hemoglobin? |
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quaternary structure |
manner in which two or more polypeptides interact with each other within a protein |
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facts about the genetic code |
1. a coding region is read 5' to 3' on mRNA 2. the termination codons do not encode amino acids while the initiation codon does 3. a coding region is punctuated with start and stop signals 4. a coding region is read in groups of 3 on mRNA |
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what would be the minimum codon size (number of nucleotides) required if the number of amino acids in a protein were 12 |
2. because |
