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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Family Policy |
- Defines families, their form and which family members are entitled to government support/amounts and type of support - Comprised of rules and programs |
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When did mothers get assistance for maternity leave for government? |
1971 - gov't didn't seen it as their responsibility |
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When did adoptive parents begin getting benefits?
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1984 |
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What were the maternity leave stipulations originally and what were the following changes? |
- Originally 15 wks of paid leave at 67% of your pay; optional 2 wk unpaid - 1990 federal govt added 10 weeks to maternal leave; could be taken by either parent but only 55% of pay, max $413 a week and based upon hours worked vs. weeks |
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What did Gauthier's research show of Canada's maternity leave? |
Found Canada to be among the lowest of 22 industrialized countries in pay/leave |
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What occurred in 2001 with the federal gov't and maternity leave? |
- Doubled number of weeks for leave from 25 to a max of 50 |
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In 2012, what was the maximum leave? |
- 45,900$, 35 wks at 55% of insurable earnings - Mothers can add parental leave to maternity leave (50wks of paid leave) or could take maternity leave (15), return to employment, and father could take residing 35wk parental leave |
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What did the pilot programs include? |
- Pilot programs put out to be tested and found to be successful - E.g. can work up to 50$ a wk or 25% of weekly benefits while on maternity leave without penalization or 40% of benefits for eligible families |
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What're the reasons fathers still choose not to take parental leave? |
1) family choice 2) difficulty taking time off 3) financial issues - Along with cultural expectations and insufficient benefits |
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Who are birth benefits restricted to? |
- Employed women who have worked a minimum of 600 hours - Leaves many excluded |
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What is fathers involvement in children's upbringing positively correlated with? |
- Cognitive development - Educational attainment - Social functioning 3% to 29.7% increase in fathers taking parental leave between 2001-2010 |
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Since when has the Canadian government been supportive regarding social assistance? |
1918 when Child Tax Exemption was introduced |
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What was Child Tax Exemption? |
Allowed breadwinners an annual tax deduction on their income taxes (universal) |
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1945's Family Allowance Program |
- Paid to women with children at home - Universal, paid directly to mothers - For many, it was their only source of income |
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What were the child poverty percentages in late 1980s? |
From 15.7% to 20.6% - House of Commons created goal of eradicating child poverty by 2000 |
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What are impoverished children seen as vs. impoverished adults on social assistance? |
Child seen as the undeserving poor and adults on social assistance seem suspect |
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What occurred in 1993 for social assistance involving children? |
Abolished Family Allowances and introduced Child Tax Benefit (CTB) - Paid low income families an annual amount for each child, an additional supplement for each child under 7 - Targeted benefits replaced universal programs |
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What was introduced in 1998? |
- Created National Child Tax Benefit (NCB) which included Canada Tax Benefit and National Child Benefit Supplement - Annual amount of $1405 per child to families whose net income did not exceed $42,707 - Additional supplement of $249 per child under 7 |
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What reiterated the idea of the deserving and underserving poor with social assistance? |
NCBS may be fully or partially taken back if family is on social assistance (welfare) by gov't - "claw back" - recently lowering/eradicating clawback so children of low income families receive entire NCBS E.g. $2,127 for first child and $1926 for 2nd |
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What number of children are in foster care? |
- 47,885 children in foster care - Majority under age 14 - Average 40% in foster care are aboriginal |
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What is true regarding parental rights of foster children? |
1/3 of foster children's parent's rights have been taking away by gov't thus making them eligible for adoption - less than 13% are adopted by their foster families |
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What do foster parents receive? |
- Monthly fee for maintenance per diem from provincial govt to help with cost of caring - Cost includes: food, clothing, personal care items, toiletries, spending allowance, gifts - Can collect skill fees to compensate them for their skills in child care - Additional rates for children with special needs - Amounts vary per province |
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What're the rates of post secondary and high school drop outs for foster children? |
- Only 21% pursue post-secondary compared to 40% - High school graduation rate of 44% vs. 81% of general population |
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Modern day, how many children remain in poverty? |
1 in 10 children remain in poverty - Poverty rates remained higher than 1989 until 2003 - Canada in bottom third tier in relation to other industrialized worlds |
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What're factors that aggravate adult poverty? |
1) Declining welfare incomes 2) low wage wall (jobs with long hours, low pay, little opportunity) 3) Inadequate housing 4) Reduced access to EI 5) Lack of quality, affordable child care |
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What are the poverty rates for dual parent income vs. single parent income? |
- 10% for dual income - 22.2% of father headed lone income; 52.1 for female headed households - 1 in 4 aboriginal children are living in poverty - 1 in 3 of all children living in poverty live with a parent employed full time all year |
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What family dynamic do the largest percentage of children live in? |
Two parent homes (54%) 40% lived in single mother households |
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In 2002, what did the UN assembly sign? |
- "World Fit For Children" - Healthy lives, quality education, exploitation and violence eradicated |
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What are the poverty statistics as of 2009? |
- 3.2 Canadians live in poverty (1 million children) - 1 in 3 Canadian children experience poverty for at least one year - 1 in 4 workers are in low wage employment - Aboriginals, visible minorities 2x the average for poverty rates |
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What percentage of raising children goes to child care? |
33% of cost of raising children goes to childcare compared to 23% to provide shelter |
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What did OECD's 2004 study say about Canada's child care plan? |
- No goals - Underfunded - Many childcare workers under trained - Pay more for child care than other countries - Less than 20% of children have a place in a regulated child care facility (very low) - Suggested gov't pay 40% of daycare cost , double budget and better training |
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Quebec's Pro-Natal Policy |
-A reaction to Quebec revolution, secularized Quebecois society (generated liberal values, advanced language, education for both sexes) - 1960s, noticed increase in divorce and decrease in births and introduced monetary incentive program to elevate fertility among women - Allowances for babies e.g. $500 for first birth, $1000 for second birth, etc. |
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What changes were introduced in Quebec in 1997? |
1) Created Ministry of Families and Children, 500 million dollar budget 2) Established unified child allowance program for low income families 3) implemented maternity/parental leave 4) Provided gov't funded (5-7$/day) child care; parents who qualified paid 2$/day |
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Who does Quebec's family allowance plan target? |
- Low income families with children under 18 - More adults in the house, receive less benefits - Lone parents receive most tax/benefits - Taxes rose 40% since program paid for by tax revenues - Regulated child care facilities went from 78,388 to 368,909 |
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What did Harper introduce in 2011? |
-"Helping Families in Need Act" - Parental leave for children's illness, child death or disappearance, compassionate care benefits, modify E.I., parental benefits for military - Not integrated with family policy |
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Individual Responsibility Model
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Views mother/fathers equally responsible for family economic well-being/providing care - State responsibility only arise when parents can't fulfill theirs/are absent |
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Social Responsibility Model |
- Minimizing gender stratification without privileging marriage over relationships - Parents bear responsibility for children living with them or not - Caring for children is society's job as well |
