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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The conversion from short term memory to long term. |
Memory consolidation
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A state of unconsciousness where a person cannot be awakened, even by strong stimuli.
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Comatose
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A state of unconsciousness where you can be awakened by normal sensory stimuli.
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Sleep
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The splanchnic nerves innervates 3 collateral ganglia:
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Celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion |
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Postganglionic fibers that innervate the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen.
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Celiac ganglion |
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Postganglionic fibers that innervate the small intestine and the initial segment of the large intestine.
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Superior mesenteric ganglion
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Postganglionic fibers that innervate the terminal largeintestine, kidneys, urinary bladder, and sex organs (sympathetic innervation).
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Inferior mesenteric ganglion |
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The abdominopelvic viscera is innervated by fibers that pass through the sympathetic chains synapsing. They synapse in separate _____ ______.
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Collateral ganglion
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Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the _____ nerves, which lie in the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity.
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Splanchnic
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Your state of consciousness is determined by complex interactions between your ____ _____ and _____ _____.
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Brain stem, Cerebral cortex |
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One of the most important brain stem components is a diffuse network in the ____ ____.
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Reticular formation
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If your ______ doesn’t “kick in”, you are said to be in a coma.
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Reticular activation system ( RAS)
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The sympathetic division is also called ______ division.
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Thorocolumbar
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Prepares the body for heightened levels of somatic activity. (fight of flight)
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Sympathetic division
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The parasympathetic division is also called the _____ division.
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Craniosacral |
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Preganglionic fibers of the craniosacral division originate in the _____ _____ and _____. They (ganglia) are close to target organs.
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Brain stem, sacrum |
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Inadequate dopamine production causes the motor problems of _____ disease.
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Parkinson’s
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Excessive dopamine production may be associated with _______.
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Schizophrenia
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Reduction in brain size and weight, as well as reduction in blood flow and the number of neurons are common ______ related anatomical changes.
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Age-related
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There are 2 classes of Sympatheic receptors.
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Alpha, Beta
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More common type of alpha receptor – releases intracellar calcium ions from reserves in the E.R.
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Alpha -1 |
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Stimulation receptors on the surface of smooth muscles- peripheral blood vessel constriction- closure of sphincters along the digestive tract.
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Alpha -1
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Division responsible for “restand repose/ relaxation”. It conserves energy and promotes sedentary activity.
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Parasympathetic
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Has preganglionic neurons located between segments (T1-L2) of the spinal cord? The ganglionic neurons are located in ganglia near the _____ _____.
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Sympathetic, Vertebral column
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Paravertebral ganglia, lateral ganglia, also known as _____ ____ _____ lie on both sides of the vertebral column.
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Sympathetic chain ganglion
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Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers leave the brain as components of cranial nerves ___ ___ ____ and ____.
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III Oculomotor, VII Facial, IX Glossopharyngeal, X Vagus
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These fibers synapse in the ____ ____ _____ and ____ ganglia.
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Ciliary, Sphenopalatine, Submandibular, and Otic ganglion
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In general _____ stimulates alpha receptors more than it does beta receptors, whereas _____ stimulates both classes of receptors. |
Norepinephrine, Epinephrine
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There are 2 major types of beta receptors.
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Beta-1, Beta-2
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Stimulates receptors in the heart, causing increase heart rate and force contraction.
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Beta-1
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Causes inhibition, triggering relaxation of smooth muscles in respiratory tract making breathing easier.
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Beta-2
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Sympathetic activation is controlled by sympathetic centers in the _____. The effects are not limited to peripheral tissues; Sympathetic activation also alters _____ activity.
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Hypothalamus, CNS
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The visceral motor neurons are in the CNS and the axons of these neurons are called ____ fibers.
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Preganglionic
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The ANS is subdivided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions. The ______ division predominates under resting conditions, and the ______ division “kicks in” only during periods of exertion, stress, or emergency.
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Parasympathetic, Sympathetic
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The _____ nerve alone provides aprox. 75% of all parasympathetic outflows.
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Vagus
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The preganglionic fibers form distinct _____ nerves, which innervate ganglia in the walls of the kidneys, bladder, terminal large intestine and sex organs.
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Pelvic nerves
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The sympathetic division has ganglionic neurons that occur in 3 locations.
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Sympathetic chain ganglia, collateral ganglia, adrenal ganglia
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The collateral ganglia are also known as _____.
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Prevertebral ganglia
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The sympathetic cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are situated in the ____ gray horns, and their axons enter the _____ roots of these segments.
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Lateral, Ventral
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Drug that is clinically useful for treating chronic high blood pressure and other forms of cardiovascular diseases.
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Beta-blockers
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Drug that targets the muscarinic receptors at neuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions; often used to control diarrhea and cramps associated with various forms of food poisoning.
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Parasympathetic blocking agents
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Routine homeostatic adjustments in physiological systems are made by the _____ _____ _____.
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ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)
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Both ANS and SNS are ______ divisions that carry motor commands.
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Efferent
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The ____ controls skeletal muscles and the ____ controls visceral effectors.
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SNS, Somatic Nervous System, ANS, Autonomic Nervous System
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Drugs that achieve same effect as your sympathetic ANS are called ______.
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Sympathomimetic drugs
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There drugs reduce nasal congestion by dilation of the respiratory passageways, or in drops to dilate the pupil.
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Sympathomimetic drugs
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Activation of _____ is controlled by centers in the brain stem that deal with visceral functioning.
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ANS
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The cholinergic receptor ______ is responsible for opening of the chemically regulated sodium channels.
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Nicotinic
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The neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medullae secrete the neurotransmitters ______ and _______. Epinephrine, or _______ accounts for 75-80% of the secretory output, the rest is Ne.
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Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Adrenoline
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Preganglionic neurons limited to _____ have both mylenated pre ______ and unmyelinated post ______.
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(T1-L2), White Rami, Gray Rami
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Aprox. ______ % of the axons in each spinal nerve is sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
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8
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What coordinates the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive functions?
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ANS
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Which division has short pre-ganglionic fibers?
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Sympathetic
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The abdominopelvic viscera receive sympathetic innervations by way of sympathetic preganglionic fibers that pass through the sympathetic chain (with or without) synapsing.
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Without
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A neurotransmitter always has a ______ effect of the ganglionic neurons.
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Excitatory
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Norepinephrine (NE) is either reused or broken down by what enzyme?
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Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)
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Beta-3 is found in _____ _____ .
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Adipose Tissue
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The sympathetic division also includes nitroxidergic synapses, which release _____ _____ as a neurotransmitter.
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Nitric Oxide (NO)
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Effects produced by the parasympathetic division include relaxation, _____ processing, and ______ absorption.
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Food; Energy
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Organs that receive input from both systems; parasympathetic and sympathetic are called ______.
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Dual Innervation
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______ are extracellular accumulations of fibrillar proteins, surrounded by abnormal dendrites and axons.
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Plaques
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Drugs that bind to receptor sites, preventing a normal response to neurotransmitters r sympathomimetic drugs are called ______ ______ ______.
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Sympathetic Blocking Agents
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Even when stimuli are absent, autonomic motor neurons show a resting level of activation, the _____ _____.
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Autonomic Tone
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_____ _____ are long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime, such as your name.
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Tertiary Memories
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_____ _____ are long-term memories that fade with time and may require considerable effort to recall.
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Secondary Memories
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The _____ _____, a cerebral nucleus near the diencephalons, plays a role in memory storage and retrieval.
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Nucleus Basalis
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The loss of memory of past events is called _____ _____.
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Retrograde Amnesia
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______ is the loss of memory due to trauma or disease.
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Amnesia
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______ memories, are memories of specific bits of information, such as the color of a stop sign or the smell of a perfume.
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Fact Memories
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______ memories, are learned behaviors, like opening a screw-top jar. With repetition, theses memories become incorporated at the unconscious level.
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Skilled Memories
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The ______ ______ and the ______, two components of the limbic system are essential to memory consolidation.
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Amygdaloid; Hippocampus
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Most _____- term memories are stored in the cerebral cortex.
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Long- Term
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When CNS function becomes abnormal or depressed, the state of _____ can be affected.
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Wakefulness
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After many hours of activity, the reticular formation becomes _____ responsive to stimulation.
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Less
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Many neurons in the brain accumulate abnormal intracellular deposits, including lipofuscin and neurofibrillary tangles, due to _____.
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Aging
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