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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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afferent
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carry or move inward or toward a central structure
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Blood-brain barrier
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Protective mechanism that blocks specific substances found in the blood stream from entering delicate brain tissue
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Central nervous system (CNS)
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Network of nervous tissue found in the brain and spinal cord
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efferent
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Carry or move away from a central structure
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Nerve fiber
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Projection of a neuron, especially the axon that transmits impulses
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neurilemma
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Additional sheath external to myelin that is formed by Schwan cells and found only on axons in the peripherial nervous system
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Ventricle
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Chamber or cavity of an organ that receives or holds a fluid
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Brain
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Center for thought and emotion, interpretation of sensory stimuli, and coordination of body functions
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Spinal cord
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Main pathway for transmission of information between the brain and body
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Cranial nerves
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Includes 12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the base of the skull and may act in either a motor capacity, sensory capacity, or both
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Spinal nerves
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Includes 31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spine and act in both motor and sensory capacities
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Dilates pupils
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Sympathetic division of the PNS
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Inhibits the flow of saliva
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Sympathetic division of the PNS
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Relaxes bronchi
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Sympathetic division of the PNS
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Accelerates heart rate
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Sympathetic division of the PNS
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Slows digestive activities
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Sympathetic division of the PNS
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Constricts visceral blood vessels
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Sympathetic division of the PNS
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Constrict pupils
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Parasympathetic division of the PNS
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Increases the flow of saliva
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Parasympathetic division of the PNS
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Constricts bronchi
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Parasympathetic division of the PNS
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Slows heart rate
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Parasympathetic division of the PNS
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Accelerates digestive activities
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Parasympathetic division of the PNS
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dilates visceral blood vessels
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Parasympathetic division of the PNS
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cerebr/o
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cerebrum
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crani/o
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cranium(skull)
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dendr/o
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tree
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encephal/o
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brain
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gangli/o
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ganglion(knot or knotlike mass)
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gli/o
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glue;neuroglial tissue
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kinesi/o
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movement
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lept/o
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thin,slender
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lex/o
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word, phrase
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mening/o
meningi/o |
meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)
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myel/o
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bone marrow;spinal cord
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narc/o
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stupor; numbness; sleep
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neur/o
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nerve
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radicul/o
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nerve root
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sthen/o
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strength
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thalam/o
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thalamus
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thec/o
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sheath(usually refers to meninges)
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ton/o
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tension
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ventricul/o
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ventricle(of the heart or brain)
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-algesia
-algia |
pain
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-asthenia
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weakness,debility
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-esthesia
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feeling
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-kinesia
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movement
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-lepsy
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seizure
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-paresis
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partial paralysis
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-phasia
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speech
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-plegia
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paralysis
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-taxia
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order,coordination
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pachy-
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thick
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para-
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near,beside;beyond
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syn-
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union, together, joined
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uni-
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one
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Affective disorder
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Psychological disorder in which the major characteristic of an abnormal mood, usually mania or depression
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Anorexia nervosa
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Eating disorder characterized by refusal to maintain adequate weight for age and height and an all-consuming desire to remain thin
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Anxiety
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Psychological "worry"disorder characterized by excessive pondering or thinking "what if..."
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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Disorder affecting children and adults characterized by impulsiveness, overactivity, and the inability to remain focused on a task
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Bipolar disorder
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Mental disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, emotion, energy, and ability to function; also called manic-depressive illness
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Depression
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Mood disorder associated with sadness, despair, discouragement, and, commonly common feelings of low self-esteem, guilt, and withdrawal
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Mania
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The disorder characterized by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganized behavior, and excessively elevated mood
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Panic attack
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Sudden, intense, overwhelming feeling of fear that comes without warning and is not attributable to any immediate danger
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Key Terms
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Key Terms
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Nervous System Structures and Functions
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Nervous System Structures and Functions
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Actions Regulated by Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems
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Actions Regulated by Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems
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Medical Word Elements
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Medical Word Elements
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Combining Forms
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Combining Forms
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Suffixes
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Suffixes
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Prefixes
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Prefixes
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Common Terms Associated with Mental Illness
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Common Terms Associated with Mental Illness
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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, and Related Terms
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Diagnostic, Some somatic, and Related Terms
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agnosia
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Inability to comprehend auditory, visual, spatial, olfactory, or other sensations even though the sensory sphere is intact
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asthenia
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Weakness, debility, or loss of strength
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Ataxia
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Lack of muscle coordination in the execution of voluntary movement
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aura
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Premonitory awareness of an approaching physical or mental disorder; peculiar sensation that precedes seizures
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Autism
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Developmental disorder characterized by extreme withdrawal and an abnormal absorption in fantasy, usually accompanied by an inability to communicate even on a basic level
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Closed head trauma
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Injury to the head in which the dura mater remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed
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Coma
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Abnormally deep unconsciousness with absence of voluntary response to stimuli
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Concussion
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Injury to the brain, occasionally with transient loss of consciousness as a result of injury or trauma to the head
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Convulsion
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Any sudden and violent contraction of one or more muscles
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Dementia
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Broad term that refers to cognitive deficit, including memory impairment
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Dyslexia
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Inability to learn and process written language despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability, and exposure
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Guillian-Barre Syndrome
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I would mean condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral of nerves in which myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, also reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness
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Herpes zoster
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Painful, acute infectious disease of the posterior root ganglia of only a few segments of the spinal or cranial nerves; also called shingles
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Huntington chorea
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Inherited disease of the CNS characterized by quick, involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration
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Hydrocephalus
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Accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure (ICP), thinning of brain tissue, and separation of cranial bones
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Lethargy
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Abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli; also called sluggishness
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Neurosis
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Non-psychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety impairs normal behavior
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palsy
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Paralysis, usually partial, and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor
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Bell's Palsy
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Facial paralysis caused by functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve, associated with herpes virus
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Cerebral palsy
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Type of paralysis affects movement and body position and, sometimes, speech and learning ability
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Paralysis
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Loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation
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Hemiplegia
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Paralysis of one side of the body, typically as a result of a stroke; also called unilateral paralysis
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Paraplegia
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Paralysis of both lower limbs, typically as a result of trauma or disease of the lower spinal cord
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Quadriplegia
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Paralysis of both arms and legs, typically as a result of trauma or disease of the upper spinal cord
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Psychosis
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Major emotional disorder in which contact with reality is lost to the point that individual is incapable of meeting challenges of daily life
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Spina bifida
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Defect in which the neural tube (tissue that forms the brain and spinal cord in the fetus) fails to close during embryogenesis
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meningocele
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Form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord develops properly but the meninges protrude through the spine
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myelomeningocele
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The severe form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine
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occulta
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Form of spina bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin
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paresthesia
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Sensation and numbness, prickling, tingling, or heightened sensitivity
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Poliomyelitis
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Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
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Reye Syndrome
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Acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the brain, liver and, possibly, the pancreas, heart, kidney, spleen, and lymph nodes
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Sciatica
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Severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve felt at the base of the spine, down the thigh, and radiating down the leg due to a compressed nerve
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Syncope
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Temporary loss of consciousness due to the sudden decline of blood flow to the brain; also called fainting
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Tonic-clonic seizure
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General type of seizure characterized by the loss of consciousness and stiffening of the body (tonic phase) followed by rhythmic, jerky movements (clonic phase)
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Electroencephalography (EEG)
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Recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic electrical impulses
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Electromyography (EMG)
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Recording of electrical signals (action potentials) that occur in a muscle when it is at rest and during contraction to assess nerve damage
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Lumbar puncture
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Needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anaesthetic agents into the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids (such as radiopaque substances) to be injected; also called spinal puncture and spinal tap
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Nerve conduction velocity (NCV)
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Test that measures the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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Series of chemical, microscopic, and microbial test used to diagnose disorders of the central nervous system, including viral and bacterial infections, tumors, and hemorrhage
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Angiography
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Radiography of the blood vessels after introduction of a contrast medium
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Cerebral angiography
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Angiography of blood vessels of the brain after injection of contrast medium; also called cerebral arteriography
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Computed tomography (CT)
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Imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted arrays from different angles
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myelography
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Diagnostic radiological examination of the spinal canal, nerve roots, and spinal cord after injection of contrast medium into the spinal canal
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Positron and mission tomography (PET)
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Scan using computed tomography to record the positrons (positively charged particles) in that it is from a radiopharmaceutical and produce a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity in body tissues to determine the presence of disease
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Ultrasonography (US)
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Imaging procedure using high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that display the reflected "echoes"on a monitor; also called ultrasound, sonography, echo, and echogram
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Echoencephalopathy
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Alter sound techniques used to study intracranial structures of the brain and conditions that cause a shift in the midline structures of the brain
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Cryosurgery
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Technique that exposes abnormal tissue to extreme cold to destroy it
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Stereotaxic radiosurgery
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Precise method of locating and destroying strong sharply circumscribed lesions on specific, tiny areas of pathological tissue in deep-seated structures of the central nervous system; also called stereotaxy or stereotactic surgery
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thalmotomy
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Partial destruction of the thalamus to treat intractable pain, involuntary movements, or emotional disturbances
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tractotomy
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Transection of a nerve tract in the brainstem or spinal cord
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Trepanation
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Technique that cuts a circular opening into the skulls to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure
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vagotomy
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Interruption of the function of the vagus nerve to relieve peptic ulcer
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Drugs Used to Treat Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
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Drugs Used to Treat Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
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Anesthetics
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Produce partial or complete loss of sensation, with or without loss of consciousness
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General anesthetic
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Act upon the brain to produce complete loss of feeling with loss of consciousness
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Local anesthetic
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Act upon nerves or nerve tracts to affect the local area only
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Anticonvulsants
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Prevent uncontrolled and are on activity associated with seizures by altering electrical transmission along the neurons or altering the chemical composition of neurotransmitters; also called antiepileptics
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Anti-Parkinsonian agents
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Control tremors and muscle rigidity associated with Parkinson disease by increasing dopamine in the brain
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Antipsychotics
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Treat psychosis, paranoia, and schizophrenia by altering chemicals in the brain, including the limbic system (group of brain structures), which controls emotions
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Antidepressants
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Treat multiple symptoms of depression by increasing levels of specific neurotransmitters
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Hypnotics
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Depress central nervous system (CNS) functions, promote sedation and sleep, and relieve agitation, anxiousness, and restlessness
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Psychostimulants
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Reduce impulsive behavior by increasing the level of neurotransmitters
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Neurological
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Neurological
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Psychiatric
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Psychiatric
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Abbreviations
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Abbreviations
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ADAD
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Alzheimer's disease
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ADHD
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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ALS
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amyotropic lateral sclerosis
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ANS
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Autonomic nervous system
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BEAM
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Brain electrical activity mapping
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CNS
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Central nervous system
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CP
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Cerebral palsy
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CSF
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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CT
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Computed tomography
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CVA
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Cerebrovascular accident
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EEG
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Electroencephalography
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EMG
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Electromyography
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ICP
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Intracranial pressure
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LOC
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Loss of consciousness
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LP
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Lumbar puncture
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MRA
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Magnetic resonance angiogram; magnetic resonance angiography
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MRI
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Magnetic resonance imaging
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MS
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Multiple sclerosis; musculoskeletal; mental status; mitral stenosis
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NCV
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Nerve conduction velocity
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PET
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Positron emission tomography
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PNS
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Peripheral nervous system
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SNS
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Sympathetic nervous system; somatic nervous system
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TIA
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Transient ischemic attack
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