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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hormone |
chemical messengers that regulate a number of body functions, including metabolism, growth, reproduction, and water and electrolyte balances |
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pituitary gland |
-AKA hypophysis -tiny gland behind the optic nerve -controls the functions of other endocrine glands |
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anterior lobe (of pituitary gland) |
-AKA adenohypophysis -composed of glandular tissue -secretes myriad hormones in response to stimulation by the hypothalamus |
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posterior lobe (of pituitary gland) |
-AKA neurohypophysis -composed of nervous tissue -secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT) |
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oxytocin |
stimulates the muscles of the uterus during the delivery of an infant and the muscles surrounding the mammary ducts to contract, releasing milk |
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parathyroids |
-four small glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland -secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to a low level of calcium in the blood |
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PTH |
-AKA parathyroid hormone -increases calcium by causing it to be released from the bone |
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adrenal glands |
-AKA suprarenals -one on top of each kidney |
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adrenal cortex |
-external portion of adrenal gland -secretes three hormones that are called sterids |
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adrenal medulla |
-internal portion of adrenal gland -produces sympathomimetic hormones that stimulate the fight-or-flight response to stress |
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dopamine |
-dilates arteries and increases production of urine, blood pressure, and cardiac rate -acts as a neurotransmitter in the nervous system |
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epinephrine |
-AKA adrenaline -dilates bronchi, increases HR, raises BP, dilates pupils, and elevates blood sugar levels |
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norepinephrine |
-AKA noradrenaline -increases HR and BP and elevates blood sugar levels for energy use |
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pancreas |
-gland, located inferior and posterior to the stomach, with both exocrine and endocrine functions |
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exocrine |
to secrete outward (through a duct) |
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endocrine |
to secrete within (directly into the bloodstream) |
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insulin |
decreases level of glucose in the blood when levels are high |
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ketones |
leftover material from the breakdown of proteins and fats |
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thymus |
-located in the mediastinum above the heart -releases thymosin that is responsible for stimulating key cells in the immune response |
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gonads |
-testes and ovaries -influence reproductive functions |
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pineal gland |
-located in the center of the brain -secretes melatonin |
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melatonin |
thought to be responsible for inducing sleep |
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goiter |
enlargement of the thyroid gland, not due to a tumor |
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-calcemia |
calcium blood condition |
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-glycemia |
sugar/glucose blood condition |
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-kalemia |
potassium blood condition |
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-natremia |
sodium blood condition |
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ketoacidosis |
excessive number of ketone acids in the bloodstream |
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ketonuria |
presence of ketones in urine |
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tetany |
continuous muscle spasms |
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acromegaly |
-hypersecretion of somatotropin from the adenohypophysis during adulthood -leads to an enlargement of the extremities, jaw, nose, and forehead -usually caused by an adenoma of the pituitary gland |
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DI |
-diabetes insipidus -deficiency of ADH, which causes the patient to excrete large quantities of urine (polyuria) and exhibit excessive thirst (polydipsia) |
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DM |
-diabetes mellitus -group of metabolic disorders characterized by high glucose levels that result from inadequate amounts of insulin, resistance to insulin, or a combo of both |
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gigantism |
hypersecretion of somatotropin from adenohypophysis during childhood, leading to excessive growth |
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GHD |
-AKA growth hormone deficiency -somatotropin deficiency due to dysfunction of adenohypophysis during childhood results in dwarfism |
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hyperthyroidism |
-AKA thyrotoxicosis -excessive thyroid hormone production, the most common of which is Graves disease |
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hypothyroidism |
-deficient thyroid hormone production -in childhood, causes cretinism -in adulthood, it is called myxedema |
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hyperparathyroidism |
-overproduction of PTH -symptoms include polyuria, hypercalcemia, hypertension, and kidney stones |
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hypoparathyroidism |
-deficient PTH production -results in tetany, hypocalcemia, irritability, and muscle cramps |
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Addison disease |
-insufficient secretion of adrenal cortisol from the adrenal cortex -manifested by gastric complaints, hypotension, fatigue, and hyperpigmentation of skin and mucous membranes |
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Cushing disease |
-excessive secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex -causes symptoms of obesity, leukocytosis, hirsutism, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, and muscle wasting |
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type 1 diabetes |
-total lack of insulin production resulting in glycosuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, blurred vision, fatigue, and frequent infections -thought to be an autoimmune disorder |
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type 2 diabetes |
-deficient insulin production with symptoms similar to type 1 diabetes -cause unknown but associated with obesity and family history |
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hyperinsulinism |
-oversecretion of insulin -causes severe hypoglycemia |
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prediabetes |
a condition in which an individual's blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes |
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prolactinoma |
-most common type of pituitary tumor -causes the pituitary to oversecrete PRL |
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islet cell carcinoma |
-AKA pancreatic cancer -fourth leading cause of cancer death in US -treated with a Whipple procedure (pancreatoduodenectomy) |
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thyroid carcinoma |
-most common types of thyroid carcinoma are follicular and papillary -both have high 5-year survival rates |
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A1c |
-AKA glycosylated hemoglobin or HbA1c -measure of average blood glucose during a 3-month time span -used to monitor response to diabetes treatment |
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glucometer |
instrument for measurement of blood sugar |
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TFT |
-AKA thyroid function tests
-blood tests done to assess T3, T4, and calcitonin -may be used to evaluate abnormalities of thyroid function |
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antidiabetics |
-manage glucose levels in the body -Glucophage, Glucotrol, Tanzeum |
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antithyroid agents |
-treat hyperthyroidism -Tapazole, PTU |
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corticosteroids |
-mimic or replace the body's steroids normally produced by the adrenal glands -classified as glucosteroids and mineralocorticoids, depending on structure and function -Deltasone |
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thyroid hormones |
-treat hyperthyroidism -Armour Thyroid, Levoxyl, Synthroid |
