Chapter 14 Carl Rogers

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______-___________ is the master motive

People act negatively out of fear and defensiveness (THIS IS NOT IN ACCORDANCE WITH HUMAN NATURE)

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Self-actualization

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THE ____________ _________ IS THE DRIVING FORCE IN EVERYONE'S LIFE, CAUSES THE PERSON TO BECOME MORE DIFFERENTIATED, MORE COMPLEX, MORE INDEPENDENT AND MORE SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE.

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Actualizing tendency ( WE WANT TO BE THE BEST OF OUR SELVES)

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ROGERS CALLED THE METHOD OF EVALUATION OF ONE'S EXPERIENCES THE __________ _________ _______ THOSE EXPERIENCES THAT ARE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ACTUALIZING TENDENCY ARE SATISFYING AND ARE APPROACHED AND MAINTAINED. THOSE EXPERIENCES THAT ARE CONTRARY TO THE ACTUALIZING TENDENCY ARE UNSATISFYING AND ARE AVOIDED OR TERMINATED. PEOPLE CAN TRUST THEIR FEELINGS, ACCORDING TO ROGERS EVEN INFANTS IF GIVEN THE OPTION CAN CHOOSE WHAT IS BEST FOR THEM.

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Organismic valuing process (HOW A PERSON LOOKS AT CIRCUMSTANCES)

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ACCORDING TO ROGERS, ALL PEOPLE LIVE IN A SUBJECTIVE WORLD, WHICH CAN BE KNOWN ONLY TO THEMSELVES. THIS _________________ ________ IS WHAT DETERMINES PEOPLE'S BEHAVIOR.

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Phenomenological reality ( PERSON'S SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTION)
EX: WHAT IS AVAILABLE TO THE PERSON AND HOW THEY REACT TO IT

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_______________ IS ALL THAT IS GOING ON WITHIN THE ORGANISM'S ENVIRONMENT AT ANY GIVE MOMENT THAT IS POTENTIALLY AVAILABLE TO ______________.

WHEN POTENTIAL EXPERIENCES BECOME SYMBOLIZED, THEY ENTER AWARENESS AND BECOME PART OF THE PERSON'S _______________ ______________

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EXPERIENCE

AWARENESS

Phenomenological field

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At first, infants do not distinguish between events in their phenomenological field; the events all blend together in a single configuration

Gradually, through experiences with verbal labels such as “me” or “I” a portion of their phenomenological field becomes differentiated as the self

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Development of self is a major manifestation of the actualizing tendency

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WITH THE EMERGENCE OF THE SELF COMES THE _______ FOR _______ REGARD, WHICH MEANS RECEIVING WARMTH, LOVE, SYMPATHY, CARE, RESPECT AND ACCEPTANCE FROM THE RELEVANT PEOPLE IN ONE'S LIFE. * FEELING OF BEING PRIZED BY THOSE PPL WHO ARE MOST IMPORTANT TO US.

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NEED FOR POSITIVE REGARD.

EXAMPLE: MOM ONLY LOVES ME WHEN I GET A'S

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CHILDREN LEARN THERE ARE THINGS THEY CAN AND CANNOT DO, AND THEY KNOW THAT IF THEY DO CERTAIN THINGS THEY WILL RECEIVE POSITIVE REGARD, THIS CREATES CONDITIONS OF ________ . THIS SPECIFIES THE CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH CHILDREN WILL RECEIVE POSITIVE REGARD.

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CONDITIONS OF WORTH.

* ONCE INTERNALIZED THEY BECOME A CONSCIENCE OR SUPEREGO, GUIDING THE CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOR EVEN WHEN THE PARENTS ARE NOT PRESENT.

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FROM THE NEED FOR POSITIVE REGARD COMES THE ______FOR ____ REGARD . THAT IS CHILDREN DEVELOP THE NEED TO VIEW THEMSELVES POSITIVELY. CHILDREN FIRST WANT OTHERS TO FEEL GOOD ABOUT THEM AND THEN THEY WANT TO FEEL GOOD ABOUT THEMSELVES.

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NEED FOR SELF REGARD

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THE ONLY WAY NOT TO INTERFERE WITH CHILDREN'S ACTUALIZING TENDENCIES IS TO GIVE THEM ________ ________ REGARD, THAT ALLOWS THEM TO EXPERIENCE POSITIVE REGARD NO MATTER WHAT THEY DO. HE BELIEVED THAT A RATIONAL DEMOCRATIC APPROACH TO DEALING WITH BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS IS BEST. BECAUSE CONDITIONS OF WORTH ARE AT THE HEART OF ALL HUMAN ADJUSTMENT PROBLEMS. THEY SHOULD BE AVOIDED AT ALL COSTS.

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UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD.

EXAMPLE: YOU KNOW I LOVE YOU, BUT I DONT AGREE WITH HOW YOU ARE BEHAVING RIGHT NOW

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_____________________ EXISTS WHEN PEOPLE NO LONGER USE THEIR ORGANISMIC VALUING PROCESS AS MEANS OF DETERMINING IF THEIR EXPERIENCES ARE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR ACTUALIZING TENDENCY

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INCONGRUENCY

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IF PEOPLE DO NO USE THEIR OWN VALUING PROCESS FOR EVALUATING THEIR EXPERIENCES, THEN THEY MUST BE USING SOMEONE'S ___________ ____ IN DOING SO. THIS RESULTS IN ALIENATION BETWEEN THE SELF AND EXPERIENCE BECAUSE UNDER THESE CIRCUMSTANCES WHAT MAY TRULY BE SATISFYING TO THE PERSON MAY BE DENIED AWARENESS BECAUSE IT IS NOT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PERSON'S INTROJECTED CONDITIONS OF WORTH.

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INTROJECTED VALUES
When incongruency exists between self and experience the person is maladjusted and is vulnerable to anxiety and threat, AND IS DEFENSIVE

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___________ IS EXPERIENCED WHEN AN EVENT IS ENCOUNTERED THAT THREATENS THE EXISTING SELF STRUCTURE.

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ANXIETY (EXPERIENCE IS INCOMPATIBLE)

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____________ IS THE DETECTION OF AN EXPERIENCE BEFORE IT ENTERS THE FULL AWARENESS

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SUBCEPTION

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ACCORDING TO ROGERS THE PROCESS OF ________________ CONSISTS OF EDITING EXPERIENCES USING THE MECHANISM OF _________ & ____________ TO KEEP THEM IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE SELF STRUCTURE. ACCORDING TO ROGERS, EXPERIENCE IS NOT DENIED _________BECAUSE IT IS SINFUL OR NAUGHTY CONTRARY TO CULTURAL MORES. A EXPERIENCE IS DENIED SYMBOLIZATION BECAUSE IT IS CONTRARY TO THE SELF STRUCTURE.

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DEFENSE
DENIAL & DISTORTION

SYMBOLIZATION

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EXAMPLE:
IF A PERSON'S INTROJECTED CONDITIONS OF WORTH INCLUDE BEING A POOR STUDENT, THEN RECEIVING A GOOD GRADE ON A TEST WOULD BE THREATENING, AND THE EXPERIENCE WOULD TEND TO BE DISTORTED OR DENIED. THE PERSON MAY SAY , THAT HE OR SHE WAS LUCKY OR THAT THE TEACHER MADE A MISTAKE.

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ALMOST ALL INDIVIDUALS EXPERIENCE INCONGRUENCY AND THEREFORE DEFEND AGAINST SYMBOLIZATION OF CERTAIN EXPERIENCES INTO AWARENESS.

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_________________ – an experience designed to help an incongruent person become congruent

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Psychotherapy

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ROGER'S REFERRED TO HIS APPROACH IN THERAPY AS _______________ THERAPY THAT EMPHASIZED CLIENT'S ABILITY TO SOLVE THEIR OWN PROBLEMS IF THEY WERE GIVEN THE PROPER ATMOSPHERE FOR DOING SO. HE LABELLED HIS TECHNIQUE _____-_______ THERAPY. THE JOB OF THE THERAPIST WAS ATTEMPT TO ACTIVELY UNDERSTAND THE CLIENT'S PHENOMENOLOGICAL FIELD OR _______ ______ OF REFERENCE.

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NONDIRECTIVE THERAPY
CLIENT CENTERED THERAPY.

INTERNAL FRAME OF REFERENCE.

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IN THE __________________ STAGE THE THERAPIST BECOMES AS FREE AS THE CLIENT, NOW THE DEEP PERSONAL FEELINGS OF BOTH, THE THERAPIST AND THE CLIENT WERE EQUALLY IMPORTANT AND THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS WAS REGARDED AS A STRUGGLE TO PUT THESE FEELINGS INTO WORDS.

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EXPERIENTIAL STAGE.

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THE LAST STAGE IN ROGERS THINKING, WAS THE __________-__________ STAGE. ROGER'S THEORY WAS EXTENDED TO MANY AREAS BEYONG THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS. SAMPLE OF AREAS TO WHICH HIS THEORY HAS BEEN APPLIED INCLUDES EDUCATION, MARRIAGE, AND THE FAMILY ENCOUNTER GROUPS, PROBLEMS OF MINORITY GROUPS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.

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PERSON- CENTERED STAGE.

** ROGERS BELIEVED THAT IT IS THE EMPHASIS ON THE TOTAL PERSON INSTEAD OF LOOKING AT AN INDIVIDUAL IN TERM OF SOME SPECIFIC ROLE.

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6 conditions necessary for effective therapy
1. Therapist-Client Psychological Contact: THEY BOTH MUST MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN THE PHENOMELOGICAL FIELD OF THE OTHER
2. THE CLIENT MUST BE IN STATE OF in-congruence, Vulnerability OR ANXIOUS
3. Therapist MUST BE IN A STATE OF Congruence, or Genuineness IN RELATION TO CLIENT.

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4. Therapist Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR)
5. Therapist Empathic understanding OF THE CLIENT'S INTERNAL FRAME OF REFERENCE.
6. Client MUST PercEIVE THE FACT THAT THE THERAPIST IS GIVING HIMI OR HER UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD ADN IS ATTEMPTING TO UNDERSTAND EMPHATICALLY HIS OR HER INTERNAL FRAME OF REFERENCE

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CHARACTERISTICS OF FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON: Open to experiences - THEY EXHIBIT NO DEFENSIVENESS. THEIR EXPERIENCES WILL BE ACCURATELY SYMBOLIZED AND AVAILABLE TO AWARENESS.

Self-structures are congruent with their experiences and will be capable of changing so as to assimilate new experiences

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Have unconditional self-regard

THEY MEET EACH EXPERIENCE WITH HONEST SPONTANEITY .

Live in harmony with others because of the rewarding nature of reciprocal unconditional positive regard

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Rogers wanted to find a way to quantify the change a client had as a function of therapy. HE USED THE _____-________ TECHNIQUE. IT ASSUMES THAT THE CLIENT CAN DESCRIBE HIMSELF ACCURATELY THIS IS CALLED ______ _______ IT ALSO ASSUMES THAT A PERSON CAN DESCRIBE THOSE ATTRIBUTES THAT HE WOULD LIKE TO POSSES BUT CURRENTLY DOES NOT THIS IS CALLED _________ _______ . TYPICALLY WHEN THERAPY BEGINS THERE IS A DISCREPANCY BETWEEN A PERSON'S REAL SELF AND THE IDEAL SELF.

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Q-sort technique
Real self vs. Ideal self

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THE CLIENT IS GIVEN 100 CARDS WITH STATEMENTS. THE CLIENT IS ASKED TO CHOOSE A STATEMENT THAT BEST DESCRIBES THEM. THIS CREATES A ____ -SORT. THEN THE CLIENT IS ASKED TO SORT THE CARDS AGAIN BUT IN A WAY THAT DESCRIBED THE PERSON HE WOULD MOST LIKE TO BE THIS CREATES AN _________ -SORT

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Self-sort

Ideal-sort

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12 characteristics Rogers thought the person of tomorrow would possess
Openness to inner and outer experience
Rejection of hypocrisy, deceit, and double talk
Skepticism of science and technology that has as its goal the conquest of nature or the control of people
Desire for wholeness
Wish for shared purpose in life or intimacy
Tendency to embrace change and risk-taking with enthusiasm
Gentle, subtle, nonjudgmental caring

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Feeling of closeness and caring for nature
Antipathy for highly structured, inflexible institutions
Tendency to follow the authority of their own organism valuing process
An indifference toward material comforts and rewards
A desire to seek a meaning in life that is greater than the individuals