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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
circadian rhythm
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A pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24-hour period
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diurnal
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Active during the light periods of the daily cycle
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Nocturnal
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Active During the dark periods of the daily cycle
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free-running
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referring to a rhythm of behavior shown by an animal deprived of external cues about time of day
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period
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the interval of time between two similar points of successive cycles, such as sunset to sunset
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phase shift
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a shift in the activity if a biological rhythm, typically provided by a synchronizing environmental stimulus
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entrainment
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the process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus
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zeitgeber
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Literally "time-giver" the stimulus that entrains circadian rhythms
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suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
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A small region of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm that is the location of the circadian oscillator
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pineal Gland
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a secretory gland in the brain midline, the source of melatonin release
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retinohypothalamic pathway
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the projection of retinal ganglion cells to the SCN
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melanopsin
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A photopigment found within particular retinal ganglion cells that project to the SCN
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Dimer
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a complex of two proteins that have bound together
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ultradian
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referring to the rhythmic biological event whose period is shorter than that of circadian rhythm, usually from several minutes to several hours
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circannual
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occurring on a roughly annual basis
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infradian
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referring to a rhythmic biological event whose period is longer than that of the circadian rhythm--longer than a day
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eletroencephalography (EEG)
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the recording and study of gross electrical activity of the brain recorded from large electrodes placed on the scalp
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electro-oculography (EOG)
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the electrical recording of eye movements
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electromyography (EMG)
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the electrical recoding of muscle activity
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slow-wave sleep (SWS)
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sleep, divided into stages 1-4, that is defined by the presence of slow-wave EEG activity
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rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
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stage of sleep characterized by small-amplitude, fast EEG waves, no postural tension, and rapid eye movements
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stage 1 sleep
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the initial stage of slow wave sleep, which is characterized by small-amplitude EEG waves of irregular frequency, slow heart rate, and reduced muscle tension
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stage 2 sleep
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a stage of slow-wave sleep that is defined by bursts of regular 14-18 Hz EEG waves called sleep spindles
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stage 3 and 4 sleep
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(has delta waves)
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Delta waves
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the slowest type of EEG wave, characteristic of stages 3 and 4 slow wave sleep
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stimulus
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a physical event that triggers a sensory response
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receptor cell
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a specialized cell that responds to a particular energy or or substance in the internal or external environment, and converts this energy into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane
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adequate stimulus
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The type of stimulus for which a given sensory organ is particularly adapted
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specific nerve energies doctrine
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The doctrine that the receptors and neural channels for the different senses are independent and operate in their own special ways, and can produce only one particular sensation each
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labeled lines doctrine
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the concept that each nerve input to the brain reports only a particular type of information
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sensory transduction
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the process in which a receptor cell converts the energy in a stimulus into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane
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generator potential
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a local change in the resting potential of a receptor cell that mediates between the impact of stimuli and the initiation of nerve impulses
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pacinian corpuscle
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A skin receptor cell that detects vibration
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Free nerve endings
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Pain and temperature
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Merkel's disc
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touch
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Meissner corpuscle
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touch
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Ruffini's ending
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stretch
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threshold
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The stimulus intensity that is just adequate to trigger a nerve impulse in the axon
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coding
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the rules by which action potentials in a sensory system reflect a physical stimulus
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range fractionation
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A hypothesis of stimulus intensity perception stating that a wide range of intensity values can be encoded by a group of cells. each of which is a specialist for a particular range of stimulus intensities
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somatosensory
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body sensation, referring to touch and pain sensation
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adaptation
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the progressive loss of receptor sensitivity as stimulation is maintained
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tonic receptor
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a receptor in which the frequency of nerve impulse discharge declines slowly or not at all as stimulation is maintained
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phasic receptor
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a receptor in which the frequency of nerve impulse discharge drops rapidly as stimulation is maintained
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sensory pathway
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the chain of neural connections from sensory receptor cells to the cortex
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thalamus
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the brain regions at the top of the brainstem that trade information with the cortex
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central modulation of sensory information
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the process in which higher brain centers, such as the cortex and thalamus, such as the cortex and thalamus, suppress some sources of sensory some sources of sensory information and amplify others
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receptive field
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the stimulus region and features that cause the maximal response of a cell in a sensory system
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primary sensory cortex
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for a given sensory modality the region of cortex that receives most of the information about that modality from the thalamus or in the case of olfaction, directly from the secondary sensory neurons
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secondary sensory cortex or non-primary cortex
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for a given sensory modality the cortical regions receiving direct projections from primary sensory cortex for that modality
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attention
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a state or condition of selective awareness or perceptual receptivity, possible involving the activation of certain brain regions
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primary somatosensory cortex (S1) or somatosensory 1
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the gyrus posterior to the central sulcus where sensory receptors on the body surface mapped. Primary cortex for receiving touch and pain information, in the parietal lobe
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secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) or somatosensory 2
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the region of cortex that recieves direct projections from primary somatosensory cortex
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polymodal
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involving several sensory modalities
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epidermis
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the outermost layer of skin
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dermis
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the middle layer of skin between the epidermis and the hypodermis
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hypodermis
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the innermost layer of skin, under the dermis
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dermatome
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a strip of skin innervated by s particular spinal root
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