Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Christian Humanism |
an intellectual movement in northern Europe in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries that combined the interest in the classics of the Italian Renaissance with an interest in the sources of early Christianity, including the New Testament and the writings of the church fathers |
|
|
Desiderius Erasmus’s "The Praise of Folly" |
written in 1509, in which he engaged in humorous yet effective criticism of the most corrupt practices of his own society; he was also harsh on the abuses of ranks of the clergy |
|
|
Thomas More’s "Utopia" |
written in 1516, this literary masterpiece is an account of idealistic life and institutions of the community, an imaginary island in the vicinity of the recently discovered New World; it reflects his own concerns with the economic, social, and political problems of his day |
|
|
Pluralism and Absenteeism |
Several churches were being ignored and emptied because the priests were ignoring their duties and weren’t qualified to do what needed to be done; this became widespread all during the fifteenth century |
|
|
Thomas a Kempis’ "Imitation of Christ" |
wrote that “truly, at the day of judgement we shall not be examined by what we have read, but what we have done; not how well we have spoken, but how religiously we have lived” |
|
|
The Sacraments |
rites considered imperative for a Christian’s salvation. By the thirteenth century, these consisted of the Eucharist or Lord’s Supper, baptism, marriage, penance, extreme unction, holy orders, and confirmation of children. Protestant reformers of the sixteenth century generally recognized only two - baptism and communion (The Lord’s Supper) |
|
|
Martin Luther |
a very religious man, found out an answer to something that didn’t coincide with the regular teachings of the church; he split with the western Christian Church and started a new branch of Christianity, The Lutheran Church |
|
|
Salvation by Faith |
the sacraments were redefined by the Luther and now they were no longer regarded as merit-earning works, they were now viewed as divinely established signs signifying the promise of salvation |
|
|
Priesthood of all Believers |
it is a saying that says that all followers of god are their own priest |
|
|
Johann Tetzel and Indulgence |
a rambunctious Dominican, hawked the indulgences in Germany with the slogan “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs |
|
|
Indulgence |
in Christian theology, the remission of part or all of temporal punishment in purgatory due to sin; granted for charitable contributions and other good deeds. It became a regular practice of the Christian church in the high Middle Ages, and their abuse was instrumental in sparking Luther’s reform movement in the sixteenth century |
|
|
Ninety-Five Theses |
marks the beginning of Reformation; to luther, they were simply a response to what he considered Johann Tetzel’s blatant abuses in selling indulgences; they were written in Latin and then translated into German |
|
|
The Edict of Worms |
was what made Martin Luther an outlaw within the empire; all of Martin Luther’s works were burned and he was captured and sent to the emperor |
|
|
The Peasants’ War, 1524 |
was where the peasants weren’t happy that they weren’t getting any of the economic success that the sixteenth century had brought and so they tried to lean on Martin Luther. Instead, Thomas Muntzer was the one who told the peasants to start fighting back and that is what caused the war |
|
|
Transubstantiation |
a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that during the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus |
|
|
The Protestant Minister |
someone who is not a priest, but is like the priest for that faith, they can marry and have a family |
|
|
Charles V |
in 1519, he became Roman Emperor who ruled over a massive empire; he wanted to maintain total control over his empire, but also wanted to bring back The Catholic faith; unfortunately, he was overextended and spent his whole life trying to maintain control |
|
|
Pope Clement VII |
joined Francis I’s side in fear in the second Habsburg-Valois War with awful results; sobered by the experience of Charles V attacking Rome and gave the capital of Catholicism a fearful and bloody sacking, he came to terms with the emperor |
|
|
Suleiman the Magnificent |
was the new leader of the Ottoman forces who overran most Hungary, moved into Austria, and advanced as far as Vienna, where they finally repulsed in 1529 |
|
|
Peace of Augsburg |
marked an important turning point in the history of the Reformation; the agreement formally acknowledged the division of Christianity, with Lutheranism Granted equal legal standing with Catholicism and each German ruler was allowed to determine the religion of their subjects |
|
|
Gustavus Vasa |
became king of Sweden, which was independent, and took the lead in establishing Lutheranism Reformation in Sweden |
|
|
Ulrich Zwingli |
strongly influenced by Christian humanism, he became a priest in 1506 and was the Reformation in Switzerland; his preaching of the Gospel caused so much unrest that they held a debate and he won; he influenced the council so much that he could tell to take down everything off of the walls in the church to have them just as blank white wall and they did it |
|
|
Marburg Colloquy |
a conference in 1529 where they attempted to promote an alliance of the Swiss and German reformed churches to resolve their differences; their was no alliance at the end and different Protestant groups were created because of it |
|
|
Anabaptists and Munster |
the city was a haven for these types of religious people and they soon took over the city and drove out anyone who weren’t like them; they burned all books except for the Bible and proclaimed communal ownership of all property |
|
|
Menno Simons |
the man most responsible for rejuvenating Dutch Anabaptism; dedicated his life to the spread of a peaceful, evangelical Anabaptism that stressed separation from the world in order to truly emulate the life of Jesus |
|
|
Henry VIII’s Wives |
this king had six wives in his lifetime in the hopes of having a son as an heir; his first two wives couldn’t produce a male heir and the second wife was beheaded, his third wife produced a male heir, but she died twelve days after giving childbirth, he divorced his fourth wife because she was very attractive, his fifth wife committed adultery and was beheaded, finally his sixth wife who outlived the king and so his son from his third wife became king |
|
|
Act of Supremacy |
designated Queen Elizabeth as the only supreme governor of England even though she was Protestant it did not matter what religion she was |
|
|
Book of Common Prayer |
a revised Protestant liturgy that was elaborated in a new prayer book and liturgical guide because of the new acts of parliament were set into place |
|
|
Edward VI and “Bloody Mary” |
Mary, daughter of CAtherine Aragon and Henry VIII’s first born child took the throne over for her brother because he was too young to rule and the council of regency was making England more of a Protestant country; she took over and hoped to bring the country back to Catholicism |
|
|
John Calvin |
after a conversion experience, he abandoned his life as a humanist and became a reformer. In 1536, he began working to reform the city of Geneva, where he remained until his death in 1564. |
|
|
Predestination |
the belief, associated with Calvinism, that God, as a consequence of this foreknowledge of all events, has predetermined those who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be damned |
|
|
Geneva |
John Calvin started a ministry here and in 1541 when the city council accepted his new constitution known as the Ecclesiastical Ordinances. This document created a church government that used both clergy and laymen in the service of the church |
|
|
The Protestant Family |
called on men and women to read the Bible and participate in religious services together, the woman was considered mother and wife and it was considered a vocation, and eliminated any idea of special holiness for celibacy they focused on loving one another |
|
|
Protestant Education |
educators were very successful in implementing and using humanist methods in Protestant secondary schools and universities, the schools had a bigger variety of people, and introduced gymnasium or secondary school |
|
|
Puritans |
this is what English Calvinists were called; attempted to ban drinking in taverns, dramatic performances, and dancing |
|
|
Catholic Reformation |
the movement for the reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century. It included a revived papacy; the regeneration of old religious orders and the founding of new ones, most notably the Jesuits; and the reaffirmation of tradition Catholic doctrine at the council of Trent |
|
|
Saint Teresa of Avila |
she experienced mystical visions that she claimed resulted in the ecstatic union of her soul with God, but also believed that mystical experience should lead to an active life of service on behalf of her Catholic faith; she founded a new order of barefoot Carmelite nuns and worked to foster their mystical experiences |
|
|
Ignatius Loyola |
unable to be a real soldier, he vowed to be a soldier of God; he gathered a small group of individuals who were eventually recognized as a religious order, the Society of Jesus, by a papal bull in 1540 |
|
|
Jesuits |
established highly disciplined schools while freely borrowing humanist school’s education methods, propagation of the Catholic among non-Christians, and were also determined to carry the Catholic banner and fight Protestantism |
|
|
Francis Xavier |
one of the original members of the Society of Jesus, carried the message of Catholic Christianity to the East; converted many people in India, Malacca, and Japan |
|
|
Pope Paul III |
this Pope continued Renaissance papal practices by doing many similar things, but he perceived the need for change and expressed it decisively |
|
|
Council of Trent |
was made to resolve the religious differences created by the Protestant revolt; in 1545 a group of cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, theologians met in the city of Trent |
|
|
Huguenots and Saint Bartholomew's Day |
a massacre of Huguenots in 1572 at a time when the Catholic and Calvinist parties had apparently been reconciled through the marriage of the sister of the reigning Valois king |
|
|
Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes |
this king converted to Catholicism in hopes of becoming a king his people would not hate, but the conflict continued until this document came out in 1598; it acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France but guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship in selected places in every district and allowed them to retain a number of fortified towns for their protection |
|
|
Philip II |
this king of Spain’s first major goal was to consolidate and secure the lands he had inherited from his father, to make Spain a dominate power, and wanted to instal Catholicism once again |
|
|
Battle of Lepanto |
Spain’s leadership of a holy league against Turkish encroachments in the Mediterranean, especially the Muslim attack on the island of Cyprus, resulted in the stunning victory over the Turkish fleet at this battle in 1571 |
|
|
New World |
Spain had this new land that was loaded with gold and silver and so it was referred to this |
|
|
The Netherlands |
there was a revolt here when the citizens learned that Philip II was using their tax dollars to help aid Spain instead of their own country and the nobles, towns, and the provincial states didn’t want him to strengthen his control here, regardless of the traditional privileges of the separate provinces |
|
|
Union of Utrecht |
William of Orange organized the seven northern, Dutch-speaking states into a Protestant union determined to oppose Spanish rule in the Netherlands |
|
|
Elizabeth |
during her reign, England rose to prominence as the relatively small island kingdom became the leader of the Protestant nations of Europe, laid the foundations for a world empire, and experienced a cultural Renaissance |
|
|
Spanish Armada |
the fleet that finally set sail had neither the ships nor the troops That Philip had planned to send; they were very beaten up during their encounters with England and on the way home due to storms |
