Chapter 13= Psychological Disorders

Front 1

Psychopathology

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The scientific study of the origins, symptoms and development of psychological disorders

Front 2

Discuss some of the issues to labeling Behavior as "abnormal"

Back 2

*Normal-abnormal continuum

*being labeled as "crazy" carries all kinds of implications which reflect negative stereotypes about people with mental illness.

*unconventional people labeled as "crazy"

Front 3

Define psychological disorder

Back 3

A pattern of behavior and symptoms

*distress

* dysfunction

*deviation

Front 4

Discuss the development and the role of DSM-5 and classifying psychological disorder

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Diagnostic and statistical Manual of mental disorders

* includes the symptoms , the criteria that must be met to make a diagnosis and the frequency and typical course and which factors for each disorder.

* includes issues related to gender and culture for each disorder.

Front 5

Discuss the social stigma associated with having a mental disorder including the accuracy of the stereotype that people with disorders are prone to violence

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*Belief that people with a mental disorder are "crazy".

* one stereotype is that people with mental disorders are a helpless Victim.

* other stereotype is that the mentally Disordered person as an evil villain who is unpredictable dangerous and violent

* substance abuse greatly increases the risk of violent Behavior by people who have been diagnosed with a mental illness.

* the person with a mental disorder who is not suffering from such symptoms is no more likely than the average person to be involved in violent or illegal activity.

*Other factors such as living in improvised neighborhoods and abusing drugs or alcohol are stronger predictors of violence

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Discuss the key findings of the national co-morbidity survey including the prevalence of psychological disorders, comorbidity and age of onset.

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*Survey involving more than two years of face-to-face interviews throughout the country.

* participants as if they had experience specific symptoms of psychological disorders

* results reconfirm many of the findings of previous national surveys

* reveal a high degree of comorbidity.

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Describe the following key diagnostic categories of the DSM-5 including causes, symptoms and treatment.

Anxiety disorders

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Anxiety disorders: Generalized anxiety= people with this disorder are constantly tense and anxious* they feel anxious about a wide range of Life circumstances sometimes with little or no apparent justification.* more issues a person worries excessively the more likely it is he or she suffers from generalized anxiety disorder* causes=environmental psychological and genetic as well as other biological factors* symptoms of anxiety can be evident from a very early stage of life

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Panic disorders and panic attacks

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When panic attacks occur frequently and unexpectedly -Frequency of panic attacks is highly variable and quite unpredictable

* most common symptoms of a panic attack or a pounding heart rapid breathing breathlessness and a choking sensation.

* the person may also sweat Tremble and experience light-headedness and chills and hot.

* a panic attack typically Peaks within 10 minutes then gradually subsides.

* occurs after a stressful experience such as an injury or illness or during a special period of life.

Panic disorder

* an anxiety disorder in which the person experiences frequent and unexpected panic attacks.

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Agoraphobia

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Anxiety disorder involving extreme fear of experiencing a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms in a public situation where Escape is impossible and help is available

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Phobias

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A persistent irrational fear of a specific object , situation or activity.

* many people are fearful of certain animals such as dogs are snakes or are moderately uncomfortable and particular situation such as flying an airplane or riding in a glass elevator.

* how many people can cope with such fears without being overwhelmed with anxiety

* as long their fear doesn't interfere with their daily functioning they will not be diagnosed with a psychogical disorder.

Specific phobia= an excessive , intense and irrational fear of a specific object situation or activity that is actively avoided or endured with marked anxiety.

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Social anxiety disorder

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*An anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed charged or scrutinized by others in social situations.

* more prevalent among women than men

* goes beyond shyness that everyone sometimes feel at Social gatherings

* eating a meal or making small talk at a party or using a public restroom can be agonizing for the question with social anxiety disorder.

* fear of being judged by others in social situations interferes with daily life

An anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations -most common psychological disorders-More prevalent among women than men -the fear of being embarrassed or failing in public significantly interferes with daily life

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Post-traumatic stress disorder

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A disorder triggered by exposure to a highly traumatic events which results in recurrent involuntary and intrusive memories of the event.

* produce intense feelings of horror and helplessness such a serious physical injury or threat of injury to yourself or a loved one

*-A long lasting anxiety disorder that develops in response to an extreme physical or psychological trauma -extreme traumas are events that produce intense feelings of horror and helplessness such as serious physical injury or threat of injury to yourself or to loved ones -More than twice as many women as men experience PTSD after exposure to trauma -This disorder is somewhat unusual in that the source of the disorder is the traumatic event itself rather than a cause that lies within the individual

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Symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder

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-person frequently recalls the event, replaying it in her mind-Avoiding stimuli or situations that tend to trigger memories of the experience and undergoes a general numbing of emotional responsiveness -Increased physical arousal associated with anxiety

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Several factors influencing the likelihood of developing post traumatic stress disorder

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-Personal or family history of psychological disorders more likely to develop -Magnitude of the trauma plays an important role -Undergoing multiple traumas will increase the incidence of this disorder

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Obsessive compulsive disorder

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-An anxiety disorder in which a person's life is dominated by repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) -Many people with this disorder have the irrational belief that failure to perform the ritual action will lead to a catastrophic or disastrous outcome -Obsession and compulsion do not have to be present at the same time but usually are-content of OCD tends to me are the particular cultures concerns and beliefs

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Obsessions

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-repeated, intrusive, uncontrollableThoughts or mental images that cause the person great anxiety and distress -Have little or no basis in reality and are often far-fetched

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Compulsion

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-A repair this behavior that a person feels driven to perform -Typically, ritual behaviors that must be carried out in a certain pattern or sequence -may be overt physical behaviors (ie repeatedly washing hands) or covert mental behaviors (ie reciting certain phrases to yourself)- about 3/4 of OCD patients suffer from multiple obsessions and slightly more than 50% report more than one type of compulsion

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Explaining OCD disorder

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-Biological factors are involved -Deficiency in norepinephrine and serotonin -Linked with dysfunction in specific brain areas such as those involved in the fight or flight response, and the frontal lobes which play a key role in our ability to think and plan ahead -Another brain area involved is the caudate nucleus, which is involved in regulating movements

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mood disorders (affective disorders)

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-The serious, persistent disturbance in a person's emotions that causes psychological discomfort, impairs the ability to function, or both -In quality, intensity and duration, a person's the motion of state does not seem to reflect what's going on in his or her life -"affect" is synonymous with "emotion" or "feelings"

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Major depression

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-a mood disorder characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, and hopelessness, causing impaired emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning

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Symptoms of major depression

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-Often accompanied by the physical symptoms of anxiety -Some experience a sense of physical restlessness or nervousness, demonstrated by fidgeting or aimless pacing -Suicide is a potential risk -Stocks become globally pessimistic and negative about the self, the world, and the future -Suicide rates range from 7 to 22% -Abnormal sleep patterns -To be diagnosed with major depression, a person must display most of the symptoms described for two weeks or longer. -In many cases, there does not seem to be any external reason for the persistent feeling of depression -In other cases, a person's downward emotional spiral has been triggered by a negative life event, stressful situation, or chronic stress

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Prevalence and course of major depression

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-in any given year, about 6 to 7% of Americans are affected by major depression -About 15% of Americans will be affected by major depression at some point in their life -The woman are about twice as likely as men to be diagnosed -Research suggests that women are more vulnerable to depression because they experienced a greater degree of chronic stress in daily life come by named with the lesser sense of personal control than men -Women are also more prone to dwell on their problems -Many people who experience major depression try to cope with the symptoms without seeking professional help -When not treated, depression may become a recurring mental disorder that becomes progressively more severe -More than half of all people who have been through one episode of major depression can expect a relapse, usually within two years-With each recurrence, the symptoms tend to increase in severity and the time between major depression episodes decreases

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Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

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-Repeated episodes of major depression which most common during autumn and winter when there is the least amount of sunlight -Subside during the spring and summer

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cyclothymic disorder

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-A mood disorder characterized by moderate but frequent mood swings that are not severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder -Can last two years or longer -People with cyclothymic disorder are perceived as being extremely moody, unpredictable, and inconsistent

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Bipolar disorder (manic depression)

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Bipolar disorder (manic depression) -A mood disorder involving periods of incapacitating depression alternating with periods of extreme euphoria and excitement

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Manic episodes

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-a sudden, rapidly escalating the emotional state characterized by extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy, and rapid thoughts and speech -for most people with bipolar disorder, a manic episode immediately proceeds or follows with major depression -Manic episodes typically begin suddenly, and symptoms escalate rapidly

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Symptoms of bipolar disorder

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-Although they stayed very little, they have boundless energy -The person's self esteem is widely inflated, and he exudes a supreme self confidence -Often, he has grandiose plans for all of caning wealth, power, and fame-Sometimes the grandiose ideas represent delusional, or false, beliefs -Attention is easily distracted by virtually anything, triggering a flight of ideas, in which thoughts were rapidly and loosely shift from topic to topic-The ability to function during a manic episode is severely impaired and hospitalization is usually required to protect people from the potential consequences of their inappropriate decisions and behaviors -People can also run up the mountain of bills, disappear for weeks at a time, become sexually promiscuous, or commit illegal acts

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cyclothymic disorder

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-A mood disorder characterized by moderate but frequent mood swings that are not severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder -Can last two years or longer -People with cyclothymic disorder are perceived as being extremely moody, unpredictable, and inconsistent

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Prevalence and course of bipolar disorder

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-typically occurs in the person's early twenties-Extreme mood swings tend to start and stop much more abruptly than the mood changes of major depression -Bipolar disorder tends to last much shorter than major depression -There are no differences between the sexes in the rate at which bipolar disorder occurs on mike major depression -rarely diagnose in childhood -In the vast majority of cases, bipolar disorder is a recurring mental disorder -Although they stayed very little, they have boundless energy -The person's self esteem is widely inflated, and he exudes a supreme self confidence -Often, he has grandiose plans for all of caning wealth, power, and fame-Sometimes the grandiose ideas represent delusional, or false, beliefs -Attention is easily distracted by virtually anything, triggering a flight of ideas, in which thoughts were rapidly and loosely shift from topic to topic

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Treatment of bipolar disorder

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-Lithium can control bipolar disorder because it regulates the availability of a neurotransmitter called glutamate-Glutamate acts as an explanatory neurotransmitter in many brain areas

Front 31

Explaining mood disorders

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Some people inherit a genetic predisposition, or a greater vulnerability, to mood disorders -Major depression and bipolar disorder tend to run in families -anti depressants have been developed to treat major depression by increasing the availability of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain -Often triggered by a traumatic and stressful events

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Eating disorders

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-Involve serious and maladaptive disturbances in eating behavior -Disturbances can include extreme reduction of food intake, severe bouts of overheating, an obsessive concerns about body shape or wait -Two main types are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa -Begins during adolescence or early adulthood -90 to 95% are female

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Anorexia nervosa

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-An eating disorder characterized by excessive weight loss, and irrational fear of gaining weight, and distorted body self perception -The person refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight -She denies the seriousness of her weight loss -In females anorexia nervosa causes absence of menstrual cycles Severe malnutrition disrupts body chemistry in ways similar to those caused by starvation -Basal metabolic rate, blood levels of glucose, insolent, and leptin decreases

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Bulimia nervosa

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-an eating disorder characterized by binges of extreme over keating followed by self induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, or other in appropriate methods to purge the excessive food and prevent weight gain -People with bulimia stay within the normal weight range or may even be slightly overweight -People usually recognize that they have an eating disorder unlike for anorexia -Like anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa can take a serious physical toll on the body

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Causes of eating disorders

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-both anorexia and bulimia involve decreases in brain activity of the neurotransmitter serotonin -Eating disorders frequently occur with other psychiatric disorders like depression, substance abuse, personality disorders, and anxiety disorders -Family interaction patterns may contribute -western culture attitudes toward thinness and dieting probably also contributes to these disorders today

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Personality

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-the consistent and enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize you as an individual

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Personality traits

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-Traits that are consistent over time and across situations but can possess a fair degree of flexibility and adaptivess in a psychologically well-adjusted person -Relatively stable predispositions to behave or react in certain ways -They reflect different dimensions of your personality

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Personality disorder

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-Inflexible, maladaptive patterns of thoughts, emotions, behavior, and interpersonal functioning better stable over time and the cross situations, and deviate from the expectations of the individuals culture -Usually become evident during adolescence or early adulthood -Behaviors are not restricted to isolated episodes are specific circumstances -People with personality disorders may not consider their personality characteristics as being problematic which is why they do not often seek help

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Borderline personality disorder

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-A personality disorder characterized by instability of interpersonal relationships, self image, and emotions, and marked impulsivity -Moods and emotions are intense, fluctuating, and extreme, often vastly out of proportion to the triggering incident, and seemingly uncontrollable -The person has a chronic, pervasive sense of emptiness and is desperately afraid of abandonment and alternately clings to others and pushes them away -She sees herself, and everyone else, as absolutes -Often considered to be the most serious and disabling of the personality disorders -People with this disorder often also suffer from depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders -This is also the most commonly diagnosed

Front 40

What causes borderline personality disorder

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-A disruption in attachment relationships in early childhood -Dysfunctional family relationships -The Bio social developmental theory of borderline personality disorder says that this disorder is the outcome of a unique combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors

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Antisocial personality disorder

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-A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregarding in violating the rights of others -Such individuals are often referred to as psychopaths or sociopaths -Often lies, cheats, steals, and manipulates other people and when caught, the person shows little or no remorse for having caused the damage -Person has no conscience or sense of guilt -Individuals have a relative lack of anxiety -Evidence is often seen in childhood or early adolescence -Often hard to treat because clients manipulate and lied to the therapists -But middle to late adulthood, the antisocial tendencies of such individuals tend to diminish

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Dissociative Disorders

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-A category of psychological disorders in which extreme and frequent disruptions of awareness, Manley, and personal identity impair the ability to function -Identity may be lost, confused, or fragmented

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Dissociative experience

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-It break or disruption in consciousness during which awareness, memory, and personal identity become separated or divided -For example, you read a book or watch a movie and lose all track of time

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Dissociative amnesia

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-The partial or total inability to recall important information that is not due to a medical condition, such as an illness, an injury, or a drug -Usually the person develops unusual for personal events and information, rather than for general knowledge or skills -In most cases, this is a response to stress, trauma, or an extremely distressing situation, such as combat, marital problems, or physical abuse

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Dissociative fugue

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-A dissociative disorder involving sudden and unexpected travel away from home, extensive amnesia, and identity confusion -The person outwardly appears completely normal -In some cases, people in a fugue state adopt a completely new identity -Thought to be associated with traumatic events or stressful periods

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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) or Multiple Personality Disorders

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-a dissociative disorder involving extensive memory disruptions along with the presence of two or more distinct identity for, or personalities-Typically, each personality has its own name and is experienced as if it has its own personal history and self image -These alternate personalities may be widely varying in age and gender -The altar is seem to embody different aspects of the individuals personality that, for some reason, cannot be integrated into the primary personality -The primary personality is unaware of the existence of the alternate personalities may have knowledge of each other's existence and share memories

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Symptoms of multiple personality disorders

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-amnesia and memory problems are reported in virtually all cases -They lose time and are unable to recall their behaviors for whereabouts during specific time periods-Symptoms of major depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, sleep disorders, and self destructive behavior are very common

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Explaining dissociative identity disorder

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-many report having suffered extreme physical or sexual abuse in childhood -Over time, alternative personalities are created to deal with the memories and emotions associated with intolerably painful experiences -dissociation becomes a pathological defense mechanism that the person uses to cope with overwhelming experiences -One issue with the coping three is that memories of childhood are notoriously unreliable especially when patients are diagnosed in adulthood -Also a problem with the traumatic memory explanation is that most victims have recurring and intrusive memories of the traumatic event

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Schizophrenia

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-A psychological disorder that involve severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes-People become engulfed in an entirely different inner world, one that is often categorized by mental chaos, disorientation, and frustration -Schizophrenia is diagnosed when two or more positive or negative characteristic symptoms are actively present for a month or longer

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Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

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-Symptoms that reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning -Include delusions or false beliefs, hallucinations or false perceptions, and severely disorganized thought processes, speech, and behavior

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Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

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-Symptoms reflect an absence or reduction of normal functions -Include greatly reduced motivation, emotional expressiveness, or speech

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Prevalence and course of schizophrenia - Explaining schizophrenia

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Prevalence and course of schizophrenia -onset typically occurs during young adulthood -For Males, usually occurs between 16 and 20 years of age. If he does not show any signs of schizophrenia after 25, he will not have it. -For females, usually occurs from 25 to 35 years of age. If signs do not show until after 35, it is not schizophrenia. -About one out of four people who experience an episode of schizophrenia recover completely and never experienced another episode.-Another one of four experience recurrent episodes of schizophrenia but often with only minimal impairment in the ability to function -About ½ of the total schizophrenia patients become a chronic mental illness and the ability to function may be severely impairedExplaining schizophrenia -genetic factors play a significant role in many cases -new cases of schizophrenia arise from genetic mutations carried in the sperm of the biological fathers, especially older fathers-Schizophrenia might be caused by exposure to an influenza virus or other viral infection during prenatal development or shortly after birth. Trojan whose mothers were exposed to a flu virus during pregnancy, especially during the first or second trimester, showed an increase in rate of schizophrenia -People with schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles located deep within the brain -Dysfunctional parenting, disturbed family communication styles, and critical or guilt - inducing parental styles are also possible contributors to schizophrenia

Front 53

Discuss patterns of suicidal behavior, and characterize the thinking of the suicidal person

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Who commit suicide -About twice as many Americans die each year from suicide as from homicide -30,000 people per year take their own lives in the United States -500,000 people require emergency room treatment as a result of attempted suicide -Woman outnumber men by 3 to 1 and the number of suicide attempts -Men outnumber women by more than 4 to 1 in suicide deaths, primarily due to the use of more lethal methods -A myth is that more suicides occur during the winter holidays. In the United States, suicide rates are actually the lowest during the winter months and the highest in the spring.

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How can you help prevent suicide

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How can you help prevent suicide 1. Actively listen as the person talks and vents her feelings.2. Don't deny or minimize the person's suicidal intentions3. Identify other potential solutions.4. Ask the person to delay his decision5. Encourage the person to seek professional help

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Smoking and mental illness

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Smoking and mental illnessPeople with behavioral health conditions are more likely to smoke. Psychologists are among those working to understand why and helping them quit.