Chapter 13: Microbe-Human Interactions - Infection And Disease (Test 4)

Front 1

define infection

Back 1

pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the host defenses, enter the tissues, and multiply

Front 2

define pathologic

Back 2

state that results when the infection damages or disrupts tissues and organs- disease

Front 3

define infectious disease

Back 3

the disruption of a tissue or organ caused by microbes or their products

Front 4

define metagenomics

Back 4

Metagenomics being used to identify the microbial profile inside and on humans

Front 5

name some sites that harbor a knwn normal biota

Back 5

skin and mucous membranes
upper respiratory tract
g.i. tract, vagina
outer urethra, external genitalia
external ear canal
external eye

Front 6

what are some microbe free/sterile anatomical sites

Back 6

heart
liver
kidneys and bladder
lungs, brain, spinal cord
muscles, bones, ovaries, testes, internal eye
Blood, urine, cs fluid, semen, amniotic fluid

Front 7

describe microbial antagonism

Back 7

bacterial biota benefit the human host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms

Front 8

define endogenous infections

Back 8

caused by biota that are already present in the body

Front 9

define pathogen

Back 9

a microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in infection and disease

Front 10

define pathogenicity

Back 10

how nasty is this critter?

Front 11

what is an opportunistic pathogens

Back 11

usually is already present in the body but arises because the immune system is comprimised

Front 12

what are some factors that weaken host defenses and increase susceptibility to infection?

Back 12

old age and extreme youth
genetic defects and acquire defects in immunity
surgery, chemotherapy, immunosuppressive drugs, stress, other infections

Front 13

**

Back 13

**

Front 14

define virulence

Back 14

the degree of pathogenicity

Front 15

what is virulence determined by?

Back 15

Determined by its ability to
Establish itself in the host
Cause damage

Front 16

define virulence factor

Back 16

any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to its virulence

Front 17

What are the steps to a microbe becoming established in our bodies?

Back 17

1. Microbe enters the tissues of the body by a portal of entry
2. Adhesion - attaching to the host
3. Surviving host defenses

Front 18

infectious agents are either sourced _____ or ______

Back 18

exogenously or
endogenously

Front 19

name 4 portals of entry

Back 19

skin
GI tract
respiratory tract
urogenital tracts

Front 20

which portal of entry allows the greatest number of pathogens

Back 20

respiratory tract

Front 21

why can some std's penetrate unbroken surfaces

Back 21

more permeable tissues in the urogenital tract

Front 22

For most agents, infection only proceeds if the _____ _____ is present
Microorganisms with smaller IDs have ______ ______

Back 22

infectious dose (ID)

greater virulence

Front 23

what are the 3 ways that adhesion occurs

Back 23

fibriae
capsules
spikes

Front 24

whar are some ways that a micro-org can survive host defenses?

Back 24

antiphagocytic factors:
leukocidins - toxic to wbc's
extracellular surface layer making diff for phago to engult
some can survive inside phago's.

Front 25

how could you survive a phagocytic attack if you were a pathogen?

Back 25

have a durable capsule
have longer polysaccharides that string out, making it difficult for the phagocyte to engulf
produce leukocidins to kill wbc's

Front 26

how do virulence factors contribute to tissue damage?

Back 26

1. exoenzymes secreted by bacteria degrade bonds between host cells
2. exo toxins break down host cells themselves
3. stimulate too much inflammatory response

Front 27

toxigenicity

Back 27

the power to produce toxins

Front 28

toxinoses

Back 28

a variety of diseases caused by toxigenicity

Front 29

toxemias

Back 29

toxinoses in which the toxin is spread by the blood from the site of infection (tetanus and diphtheria)

Front 30

intoxications

Back 30

toxinoses caused by ingestion of toxins (botulism)
toxin causes the reaction, not the organism

Front 31

exotoxins

Back 31

toxins pushed/secreted out of active cells

Front 32

endotoxins

Back 32

present in the cell, released from micro-org when cell is lysed.

Front 33

necrosis

Back 33

accumulated damage leads to cell and tissue death

Front 34

infection stays in one place - called ______

Back 34

localized infection
i.e. boil

Front 35

infection spreads everywhere in the body - called _______

Back 35

systemic infection
i.e.

Front 36

infection develops in one area and then another infection caused by the same organism develops in a different area

Back 36

Focal infections

Front 37

infection caused by various microbes

Back 37

mixed infection

Front 38

infections caused in two separate areas by two separate organisms

Back 38

primary and secondary infection

Front 39

define "sign"

Back 39

Sign: any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer

Front 40

define "symptom"

Back 40

Symptom: the subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient

Front 41

define syndrome

Back 41

Syndrome: when a disease can be identified or defined by a certain complex of signs and symptoms

Front 42

signs and symptoms of inflammation

Back 42

Fever, pain, soreness, swelling
Edema
Granulomas and abscesses
Lymphadenitis
Lesion: the site of infection or disease

Front 43

edema

Back 43

fluid build up

Front 44

lymphadenitis

Back 44

lymph fluid build up

Front 45

name some sign of infection in the blood

Back 45

Changes in the number of circulating white blood cells
leukocytosis
leukopenia
septicemia
bacteremia or viremia

Front 46

define leukocytosis

Back 46

increased wbc count

Front 47

define leukopenia

Back 47

decreased wbc count

Front 48

define septicemia

Back 48

Septicemia: general state in which microorganisms are multiplying in the blood and are present in large numbers

Front 49

define bacteremia or viremia

Back 49

Bacteremia or viremia: microbes are present in the blood but are not necessarily multiplying

Front 50

subclinical

Back 50

asymptomatic, inapparent infections

Front 51

portals of exit for micro orgs to vacate the host

Back 51

coughing/sneezing
skin cells
insect bites
blood, urine, feces

Front 52

latency

Back 52

a dormant state
The microbe can periodically become active and produce a recurrent disease

Front 53

Long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs is called:

Back 53

sequelae

Front 54

define reservoir

Back 54

Reservoir: the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates

Front 55

define source

Back 55

Source: the individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired

Front 56

define carrier

Back 56

an individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads ith to others without any notice

Front 57

what are the different types of carriers?

Back 57

Asymptomatic carriers
Incubation carriers
Convalescent carriers
Chronic carrier
Passive carrier

Front 58

define vector

Back 58

a live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another
Majority are arthropods
Larger animals can also be vectors

Front 59

what actively participates in a pathogen's life cycle

Back 59

biological vector

Front 60

what transports the infectious agent without being infected

Back 60

mechanical vectors

Front 61

define zoonosis

Back 61

Zoonosis: an infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans
Human does not contribute to the persistence of the microbe
Can have multihost inovvlement
At least 150 worldwide

Front 62

what is a passive carrier?

Back 62

not infected, just unknowingly picks up a pathogen and passes it to someone else.

Front 63

what is the best nonliving reservoir?

Back 63

water

Front 64

what are some other nonliving reservoirs?

Back 64

soil,
water,
air

Front 65

define communicable disease

Back 65

Communicable disease: when an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host
Transmission can be direct or indirect
Contagious agent: highly communicable

Front 66

describe noncommunicable diesase

Back 66

does not arise through transmission of the infectious agent from host to host
Acquired through some other, special circumstance
Compromised person invaded by his or her own microbiota
Individual has accidental contact with a microbe in a nonliving reservoir

Front 67

define fomite

Back 67

inanimate object / vehicle

Front 68

what are the two types of transmission

Back 68

contact transmission
indirect transmission

Front 69

what are some examples of indirect transmission

Back 69

food, water, biological products, fomites
contaminated objects - food poisoning, oral-fecal
air - droplet nuclei, aerosols

Front 70

define nosocomial infection

Back 70

Nosocomial infections: infectious diseases that are acquired or develop during a hospital stay

Front 71

what are the most common nosocomial infections?

Back 71

urinary tract infections

then, surgical sites

then respiratory

Front 72

describe universal precautions

Back 72

guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Assume that all patient specimens could harbor infectious agents
Include body substance isolation (BSI)techniques to be used in known cases of infection

Front 73

what is the causative agent called?

Back 73

etiologic agent

Front 74

what is the first step of Koch's postulates?

Back 74

Find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of a disease

Front 75

what is the second step of Koch's postulates?

Back 75

Isolate that microbe from an infected subject and cultivate it in pure culture in the laboratory

Front 76

what is the third step of Koch's postulates?

Back 76

Inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the laboratory isolate and observe the same resultant disease

Front 77

what is the fourth step of Koch's postulates?

Back 77

Reisolate the agent from this subject

Front 78

define epidemiology

Back 78

Epidemiology: the study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined human populations

Front 79

define prevalence

Back 79

Prevalence: the total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population
Prevalence = (total number of cases in population / total number of persons in population) x 100 = %

Front 80

define incidence

Back 80

Incidence: the number of new cases over a certain time period
Incidence = number of new cases / total number of susceptible persons

Front 81

define mortality rate

Back 81

Mortality rate: the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease

Front 82

define morbibity rate

Back 82

Morbidity rate: the number of persons afflicted with infectious diseases

Front 83

endemic occurrence

Back 83

focused in a specific region (of a country) i.e. hanta virus

Front 84

epidemic occurrence

Back 84

widespread occurrence spread between communities

Front 85

sporadic occurrence

Back 85

pops up out of nowhere

Front 86

pandemic occurrence

Back 86

widespread occurance between continents