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111 Cards in this Set
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What is Contact, Colonization, Infection, Disease |
●Microbes that engage in mutual or commensal associations - normal (resident ) flora, indigenous flora, microbiota ●Infection - a condition in which pathogenic microbes penetrate host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply ●Pathogen - infectious agent ●Infectious disease - an infection that causes damage or disruption to tissues and organs |
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Contact |
●microbes adhere to exposed body surfaces via portals of entry ●sometimes with contact we get colonization which is good ●sometimes it's invasion where microbes cross lines of defense and enter sterile tissues and cause an infection where pathogenic microbes multiply in the tissues |
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carrier state |
Microbes are established in tissues but disease is not apparent |
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Contact pathway chart |
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Resident flora |
●Most areas of the body in contact with the outside environment harbor resident microbes ● internal organs, tissues, and fluids are microbe-free ●Transients- microbes that occupy the body for only short periods. ●Residents- microbes that become established Sites that harbor Normal resident Microbes ○ Skin and it's contiguous mucous membranes ○ Upper respiratory tract ○Gastrointestional tract (various parts) ○outer opening of urethra ○External genitalia ○Vagina ○External ear and canal ○external eye (lids, lash follicles) |
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Resident flora continued |
○Bacterial flora benefit host by preventing overgrowth of harmful microbes - microbial antagonism ○ Endogenous infections - occur when normal flora is introduced to a site that was previously sterile |
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Initial Colonization of the newborn |
○Uterus and contents are normally sterile and remain so until just before birth ○ Breaking of fetal membrane exposes the infant; all subsequent handling and feeding continue to introduce what will be normal flora |
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Indigenous Flora of Specific Regions: SKIN |
Bacteria: Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus [microbes live only in upper dead layers of epidermis, glands, and follicles; dermis and layers below are sterile] Fungi: Candida, Malassezia [dependent on skin lipid for growth] Arthropods: Demodix mite [Present in sebaceous glands and hair follicles] |
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Indigenous Flora of Specific Regions:
Gastrointestinal Tract ●Oral cavity |
Bacteria: Streptococcus, Neisseria, Veillonella, Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Actinomyces, Eikenella, Treponema, Haemophilus [Colonize the epidermal layer of cheeks, gingiva, pharynx; surface of teeth; found in saliva in huge numbers] Fungi: Candida sp.[ Can cause thrush] Protozoa: Entamoeba gingivalis [inhabit the gingiva of persons with poor oral hygiene] |
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Indigenous Flora of Specific Regions:
Gastrointestinal Tract ● Large intestine and rectum |
Bacteria: Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, fecal streptococci and staphylococci, lactobacillus, coliforms (Escherichia, Enterobacter) Proteus sp[Areas of lower gastrointestinal tract other than large intestine and rectum have sparse or nonexistent residents. Microbiota consist predominately of strict anaerobes; other microbes are aerotolerant or facultaive] Fungi: Candida[Yeast can survive this habitat, but not molds] Protozoa: Entamoeba Coli, Trichomonas hominis [Feed on waste materials in the large intestine] |
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Indigenous Flora of Specific Regions:
Upper Respiratory Tract |
Microbial populations exists in the nasal passages, throat, and pharynx; owing to proximity, microbes are similar to those of oral cavity. [Trachea may harbor a sparse population;bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli are essentially sterile due to local host defenses] |
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Indigenous Flora of Specific Regions:
Genital Tract |
Bacteria: lactobacillus, Streptococcus, diphtheroid (Corynebacterium and relatives) Escherichia, Gardnerella [in females, microbes occupy the external genitalia and vaginal and cervical surfaces; internal reproductive structures normally remain sterile. vaginal colonists respond to hormonal changes during life] Fungi: Candida [cause of yeast infections] |
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Indigenous Flora of Specific Regions:
Urinary Tract |
Bacteria: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus [In females, microbiota exist only in the first portion of the urethral mucosa; the remainder of the tract is sterile. In males, the entire reproductive and urinary tract is sterile except for a short portion of the anterior urethra.] |
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Indigenous Flora of Specific Regions:
Eye |
Bacteria: coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Streptococcus, Neisseria [The lids and follicles harbor similar microbes as skin; the conjunctiva has a transient population; deep tissues are sterile] |
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Indigenous Flora of Specific Regions:
Ear |
Bacteria: Staphylococci, diphtheroid(s) [The external ear is similar to the skin in content; areas internal to the tympanum are generally sterile] Fungi: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida yeasts |
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Flora of the Human Skin |
●Skin is the largest and most accessible organ ● Two cutaneous populations - Transients: influenced by hygiene - Residents: stable, predictable, less influenced by hygiene |
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Flora of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
●GI tract is a long hollow tube, bounded by mucous membranes - Tube is exposed to the environment ● Variations in flora distribution due to shifting conditions (pH, oxygen tension, anatomy) ● Oral cavity, large intestine, and rectum harbor appreciable flora |
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Flora of the Mouth |
●Most diverse and unique flora of the body ● Numerous adaptive niches ● Bacterial count of saliva (5x10 to the 9th cells per milliliter) |
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Flora of the Large intestine |
●has complex and profound interactions with host ● 10 to the 8th- 10 to the 11th microbes per gram of feces ● intestinal environment favors anaerobic bacteria ● Intestinal bacteria contribute to intestinal odor |
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Flora of the Respiratory Tract |
● Oral Streptococci, first organisms to colonize ● nasal entrance, nasal vestibule, anterior nasopharynx - S. aureus ● Mucous membranes of nasopharynx - Neisseria ● Tonsils and lower pharynx - Haemophilus |
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Flora of the Genitourinary Tract |
●Sites that harbor microflora - Females - Vagina and outer opening of urethra - Males - Anterior urethra ● Changes in physiology influence the composition of the normal flora - Vagina (estrogen, glycogen, pH) |
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Maintenance of the Normal Resident Flora |
●Normal flora is essential to the health of humans ● Flora create an environment that may prevent infections and can enhance host defenses ● Antibiotics, dietary changes, and disease may alter flora ● Probiotics - introducing known microbes back into the body |
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Normal resident microbes are absent from the A. Pharynx B. Lungs C. Intestine D. Hair follicles E. Mouth |
B. Lungs |
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Major Factors in the development of an infection |
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Factors that weaken Host Defenses and Increase susceptibility to Infection |
●Old age and extreme youth (infancy, prematurity) ●Genetic defects in immunity and acquired defects in immunity ●Surgery and organ transplants ●Organic disease: cancer, liver malfunction, diabetes ●Chemotherapy/immunosuppressive drugs Physical and mental stress ●Other infections |
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Major Factors in the development of an infection True pathogens - Opportunistic pathogens - |
● True pathogens - capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses - influenza virus, plague bacillus, malaria protozoan ● Opportunistic pathogens - cause disease when the host's defenses are compromised or when they grow in parts of the body that are not natural to them - Pseudomonas sp & Candida albicans ● Severity of the disease depends on the virulence of the pathogen; characteristic or structure that contributes to the ability of a microbe to cause disease is a virulence factor |
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Becoming Established : Portals of entry |
Portals of entry - characteristic route a microbe follows to enter the tissues of the body ● exogenous agents originate from source outside the body ● endogenous agents already exist on or in the body (normal flora) |
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Portals of Entry |
Skin - nicks, abrasions, punctures, incisions Gastrointestinal tract - food, drink, and other ingested materials Respiratory tract - oral and nasal cavities urogenital tract - sexual, displaced organisms Transplacental [Most common sexually transmitted diseases: Trichomoniasis, Human papillomavirus (HPV), Herpes simplex, Chlamydiosis, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Hepatitis B, New HIV infections, AIDS diagnoses] |
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Pathogens that infect during pregnancy |
● STORCH : Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Other diseases (hepatitis B, AIDS, and chlamydia) Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex virus |
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Requirement for an infectious Dose (ID) |
● Minimum number of microbes required for infection to proceed ● Microbes with small IDs have greater virulence ● Lack of ID will not result in infection |
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Attaching to the Host |
● Adhesion - microbes gain a stable foothold at the portal of entry; dependent on binding between specific molecules on host and pathogen ● Fimbriae ● Flagella ● Glycocalyx ● Cilia ● Suckers ● hooks ● barbs ● spikes [viruses] |
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Adhesion Properties of Microbes Chart |
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Adhesion Properties of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Disease: Gonorrhea |
Fimbriae attach to genital epithelium |
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Adhesion Properties of Escherichia coli Disease: Diarrhea |
Well-developed fimbrial adhesin |
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Adhesion Properties of shigella and Salmonella Disease: Gastroenteritis |
Fimbriae can attach to intestinal epithelium |
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Adhesion Properties of Vibrio Disease: Cholera |
Glycocalyx anchors microbe to intestinal epithelium |
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Adhesion Properties of Treponema Disease: Syphilis |
Tapered hook embeds in host cell |
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Adhesion Properties of Mycoplasma Disease: Pneumonia |
Specialized tip at ends of bacteria fuses tightly to lung epithelium |
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Adhesion Properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Disease: Burn, lung infections |
Fimbriae and slime layer |
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Adhesion Properties of Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus Disease: Dental caries |
Dextran slime layer glues cocci to tooth surface |
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Adhesion Properties of Influenza virus Disease: Influenza |
Viral spikes react with receptor on respiratory surface |
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Adhesion Properties of Poliovirus Disease: Polio |
Capsid proteins attach to receptors on susceptible cells |
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Adhesion Properties of HIV Disease: AIDS |
Viral spikes adhere to white blood cell receptors |
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Adhesion Properties of Giardia lamblia (protozoan) Disease: Giardiasis |
Small suction disc on underside attaches to intestinal surface |
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Adhesion Properties of Trypanosoma (protozoan) Disease: African and S. American trypanosomiasis |
Flagellum is needed to penetrate and stay alive |
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Surviving Host Defenses |
● Initial response of host defenses comes from phagocytes ● Antiphagocytic factors - used to avoid phagocytosis ● Species of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus produce leukocidins, toxic to white blood cells ● Slime layer or capsule - makes phagocytosis difficult ● Ability to survive intracellular phagocytosis |
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Entering Host Tissues |
● Some pathogens produce a secretion system to insert specialized virulence proteins directly into the host cells |
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Causing Disease ●Virulence factors ●Exoenzymes ●Toxigenicity |
● Virulence factors - traits used to invade and establish themselves in the host, also determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs - severity of disease ● Exoenzymes - dissolve extracellular barriers and penetrate through or between cells ● Toxigenicity - capacity to produce toxins at the site of multiplication |
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Bacterial Toxins: A Potent Source of Cellular Damage 2 types of Bacterial Toxins: |
● 2 Types of Bacterial Toxins 1. Endotoxin - toxin that is not secreted but is released after the cell is damaged ● Composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), part of the outer membrane of gram (-) cell walls 2. Exotoxin - toxin molecule secreted by a living bacterial cell into the infected tissue ● Strong specificity for a target cell ● Hemolysins ● A-B toxins (A-active, B-binding) |
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Bacterial toxins: exotoxins and Endotoxins visual explanation |
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Comparing Exotoxins & Endotoxins Chart |
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Exotoxins are toxic in _________amounts |
Exotoxins are toxic in Tiny amounts |
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Endotoxins are toxic in ________doses |
Endotoxins are toxic in higher doses |
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Exotoxins are ________________ to a cell type |
Exotoxins are Specific to a cell type (blood, liver, nerve) |
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Endotoxin are ____________ and cause ________, __________, ______________, ___________. |
Endotoxins are Systemic and cause fever, inflammation, weakness, shock. |
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Exotoxins chemical composition is of ______ _______ |
Exotoxins chemical composition is of Small proteins |
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Endotoxin chemical composition is of _____________________ of _______ ___________ |
Endotoxin chemical composition is of Lipopolysaccharide of cell wall |
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Do Exotoxins denature at 60 degree's C ? |
it's unstable, so yes |
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Do Endotoxin denature at 60 degree's C ? |
no, it's Stable |
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Exotoxins __________be converted to toxiod |
Exotoxins Can be converted to toxoid |
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Endotoxin __________ be converted to toxoid |
Endotoxin cannot be converted to toxoid |
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Exotoxins ____________ ____________, _____________ immune response |
Exotoxins Stimulate antitoxins, activating immune response |
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Endotoxin _______ _______ ______________ ___________ Therefore ______________ immune response |
Endotoxin does not stimulate antitoxins Therefore no immune response |
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Exotoxins _____________________ stimulate fever |
Exotoxins usually does not stimulate fever |
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Endotoxin _____________________ Stimulate fever |
Endotoxin does stimulate fever |
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What is the manner of release of toxins from an Exotoxin |
Exotoxin is secreted from a live cell |
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What is the manner of release of toxins from an Endotoxin |
Endotoxin is released from cell wall during lysis of bacteria cell wall |
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Are Exotoxins typical source from Gram (-), Gram (+) or both ? |
A few gram (+) and gram (-) .. so both |
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Are Endotoxins typical source from Gram (-), Gram (+) or both ? |
All gram (-) bacteria |
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List some examples of diseases that have Exotoxins |
Tetanus, diphtheria, cholera, anthrax |
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List some examples of diseases or conditions that have Endotoxin |
Meningitis, endotoxic shock, salmonellosis |
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Only Gram (+) bacteria can secrete exotoxins A. True B. False |
B. False |
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The process of Infection and Disease 4 Distinct stages of Clinical infection 1. Incubation period |
● Incubation period - time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms; agent is multiplying but damage is insufficient to cause symptoms; several hours to several years. |
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The process of Infection and Disease 4 Distinct stages of Clinical infection
2. Prodromal Stage 3. Period of invasion 4. Convalescent period |
● Prodromal stage - vague feelings of discomfort; nonspecific complaints ● Period of invasion - multiplies at high levels, becomes well-established; more specific signs of symptoms ● Convalescent period - as person begins to respond to the infection, symptoms decline |
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The Process of Infection and Disease Graph |
● Any stage you are infectious to spread disease !!!!! |
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Patterns of Infection ● Localized infection ● Systemic infection ● Focal infection |
●Localized infection - microbes enter the body and remains confined to a specific tissue ● Systemic infection - infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids usually in the bloodstream ● Focal infection - when infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues |
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Patterns of Infection ● Mixed infection (polymicrobial) ● Primary infection ● Secondary infection |
● Mixed infection - Several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site - polymicrobial ● Primary infection - initial infection ● Secondary infection - another infection by a different microbe |
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Patterns of Infections ● Acute infection ● Chronic infections |
● Acute infection - comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects (cold, flu) ● Chronic infections - progress and persist over a long period of time (herpes, hepatitis B or C) |
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Signs and Symptoms of Disease |
● Signs - something you see - objective (measurable) - A doctor or nurse can report it, they see it
● Symptoms - something the patient feels physically and tells you (but is not always observable by the medical practitioner ) - subjective (not measurable) - Person tells you how they feel ( when documenting write it in " " and quote it exactly as told to you.)
[a sign post is an object whereas a symptom is a subject of conversation] |
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Common Signs and Symptoms of Infectious Disease - Chart |
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Signs and Symptoms of Inflammation |
Signs and Symptoms of inflammation ● Earliest symptoms of disease as a result of the activation of the body defenses ▪ Fever ▪ Pain ▪ Soreness ▪ Swelling ● Signs of inflammation: ▪ Edema - accumulation of fluids ▪ Granulomas and abscesses - walled-off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes ▪ Lymphadenitis - swollen lymph nodes |
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Signs of Infection in the Blood |
Signs of Infection in the Blood ▪ Changes in the number of circulating white blood cells ▪ leukocytosis - increase in white blood cells ▪ Leukopenia - decrease in what blood cells ▪ Septicemia - microorganisms are multiplying in the blood and present in large numbers ▪ Bacteremia - small numbers of bacteria present in blood not necessarily multiplying [asymptomatic] ▪ Viremia - small number of viruses present not necessarily multiplying |
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Infections That Go Unnoticed |
▪ Asymptomatic (subclinical) infections - although infected, the host doesn't show any signs of disease ▪ Inapparent infection, so person doesn't seek medical attention |
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Portals of Exit |
▪Pathogens depart by a specific avenue; greatly influences the dissemination of infection ▪ Respiratory - mucus, sputum, nasal drainage, saliva ▪ Skin scales, ▪ Fecal exit, ▪ Urogenital tract, ▪ Removal of blood |
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Persistence of Microbes and pathologic conditions |
▪Apparent recovery of host does not always mean the microbe has been removed ▪ Latency - after the initial symptoms in certain chronic diseases, the microbe can periodically become active and produce a recurrent disease; person may or may not shed it during the latent stage ▪Chronic Carrier - person with a latent infection who sheds the infectious agent ▪Sequelae - long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs |
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Sources and Transmission of Microbes |
Reservoir - primary habitat of pathogen in the natural world ▪ Hunan or animal carrier, soil, water, plants Source - individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired |
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Living Reservoirs |
▪ Carrier - an individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others; may or may not have experienced disease due to the microbe ▪ Asymptomatic carrier - shows no symptoms ▪ Passive carrier - contaminated healthcare provider picks up pathogens and transfers them to other patients |
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Living Reservoirs - continued |
▪ Asymptomatic carriers - shows no symptoms ▪ Incubation carriers - spread the infectious agent during the incubation period ▪ Convalescent carriers - recuperating without symptoms ▪ Chronic carrier - individual who shelters the infectious agent for a long period |
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If a nurse transfers a pathogen between patients without becoming infected herself, the nurse as acted as the A. Chronic Carrier B. Convalescent Carrier C. Incubation Carrier D. Asymptomatic Carrier E. Passive Carrier |
E. Passive Carrier |
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Animals as Reservoir and Source |
▪ A live animal (other than human )that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another is called a vector ▪ Majority of vectors are arthropods - fleas, mosquitoes, flies, and ticks ▪ Some larger animals can also spread infection - mammals, birds, lower vertebrates ▪ Biological vectors - actively participate in a pathogen's life cycle ▪ Mechanical vector - not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent and merely transports it without being infected |
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Animals as Reservoirs and Sources |
▪ An infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans is a zoonosis ▪ Humans don't transmit the disease to others ▪ At least 150 zoonoses exist worldwide; make up 70% of all new emerging diseases worldwide ▪ Impossible to eradicate the disease without eradicating the animal reservoir [For examples in rabies we'd have to kill all squirrels and dogs and cats!! no !! ] |
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Common zoonotic infections - chart |
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Acquisition and Transmission of Infectious Agents Communicable disease - Non-communicable - |
▪ Communicable disease - when an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host ▪ Highly communicable disease is contagious ▪ Non-communicable infectious disease does not arise through transmission from host to host ▪ Occurs primarily when a compromised person is invaded by his or her own normal microflora ▪ Contact with organism in natural, non-living reservoir |
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Patterns of Transmission |
▪Direct contact - physical contact or fine aerosol droplets ▪ Indirect contact - passes from infected host to intermediate conveyor and then to another host ▪ Vehicle - inanimate material, food, water, biological products, fomites ▪ Airborne - droplet nuclei, aerosols |
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How Communicable Infectious Diseases are Acquired |
Communicable Infectious Diseases Direct ▪ Direct Contact [kissing, sex etc] ▪ Droplets [Colds, chickenpox ] ▪ Vertical [Mother to fetus -HIV, Syphilis ] ▪ Biological Vector [West Nile virus, malaria] Indirect ▪ Formites [Touching something like a door handle -Staphylococcus aurreus] ▪ Fecal-oral contamination into food, water biological products [Salmonella, E. Coli] ▪ Air via Droplet nuclei & Aerosols [Just breathing in particles (Mice droppings-Horders etc)][Tuberculosis, influenza virus, hantavirus] |
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Nosocomial Infections - acquired at hospital |
▪ Diseases that are acquired or developed during a hospital stay ▪ From surgical procedures, equipment, personnel, and exposure to drug-resistant microorganisms ▪ 2-4 million cases/year in U.S. with approximately 90,000 deaths !! [most are due to urinary tract infections 39%(Candia spp, Enterobacter spp. Enterococci, E. coli, P. aeruginosa), 18% are from lower respiratory tract(Acinetobacter spp. Enterbacter spp. Klebsiella pneumoniae, AS. aureus, P. aeruginosa) - compromised because you are in a hospital breathing in stuff - 17% surgical wounds (coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterobacter spp, Enterococci, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus)- 12% Other -8% skin infections(P.aeruginosa, E. coli, Coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. aureus) - 6% Blood infections(Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Entercococci, Enterobactoer spp. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Candida spp.)] |
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Preventing Nosocomial Infections Enteric Precautions |
Protective Measures - ▪ Gowns and gloves must be worn by all persons having direct contact with patient; masks are not required; special precautions are taken for disposing of feces and urine. Enteric Precautions are used to prevent Spread of - ▪ Diarrheal diseases; Shigella, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli gastroenteritis; cholera; hepatitis A; rotavirus; and giardiasis |
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Preventing Nosocomial Infections Respiratory Precautions |
▪Private room with closed door is necessary; gowns and gloves are not required; masks are usually indicated; items contaminated with secretions must be disinfected Respiratory Precautions are used to prevent the spread of - ▪ Tuberculosis, measles, mumps, meningitis, pertussis, rubella, chickenpox |
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Preventing Nosocomial Infections Drainage and Secretion Precautions |
▪Gowns and gloves are required; masks are not needed; contaminated instruments and dressings require special precautions. Drainage and secretion precautions are used to prevent the spread of - ▪ Staphylococcal and streptococcal infections; gas gangrene; herpes zoster; burn infections |
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Preventing Nosocomial Infections Strict Isolation |
▪Private room with closed door is required; gowns, masks, and gloves must be worn; contaminated items must be wrapped and decontaminated Strict isolation is used to prevent the spread of - ▪ Mostly highly virulent or contagious microbes; includes tuberculosis, some types of pneumonia, extensive skin and burn infections, herpes simplex and zoster |
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Preventing Nosocomial Infections Reverse Isolation (Also called Protective Isolation) |
▪Same guidelines as for strict isolation are required; room may be ventilated by Laminar airflow filtered through a high-efficiency particulate (HEPA) filter that removes airborne pathogens; infected persons must be barred. Reverse Isolation is - ▪ used to protect extremely immunocompromised by cancer therapy, surgery, genetic defects, burns, prematurity, or AIDS and therefore vulnerable to opportunistic pathogens |
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Universal Blood and Body Fluid Precautions |
▪Stringent measures to prevent the spread of nosocomial infections from patient to patient, from patient to worker, and from worker to patient - universal precautions ▪ based on the assumption that all patient specimens could harbor infectious agents, so must be treated with the same degree of care |
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Universal Precautions 1-8 list |
1. use Barrier Protection to prevent skin and mucous membrane contact with blood or other body fluids. 2. Wear gloves to prevent contact with blood, infectious material, or other potentially contaminated surfaces or items. 3. Wear face protection if blood or bodily fluid droplets may be generated during a procedure. 4. Wear protective clothing if blood or bodily fluid may be splashed during a procedure. 5. Wash hands and skin immediately and thoroughly if contaminated with blood or bodily fluids. 6. Wash hands immediately after gloves are removed. 7. Use care when using or handling sharp instruments and needles. Place used sharps in labeled, puncture resistance containers. 8. if you have sustained an exposure of puncture wound, immediately flush the exposed area and notify your supervisor. |
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Epidemiology |
▪ The study of the frequency and distribution of disease and health-related factors in humans populations ▪ Surveillance - collecting, analyzing, and reporting data on rates on occurrence, mortality, morbidity and transmission of infections ▪ Reportable, notifiable diseases must be reported to authorities ▪ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, GA - Principal government agency responsible for keeping track of infectious diseases nationwide. |
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Frequency of Cases |
▪Prevalence - total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population usually represented by a percentage of the populations ▪ Incidence - measures the number of new cases over a certain time period, as compared with the general healthy population ▪ Mortality rate - the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease ▪ Morbidity rate - number of people afflicted with a certain disease |
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Patterns of Infectious Disease Occurrence Endemic Sporadic |
▪Endemic - disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic local ▪ Sporadic - When occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals |
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Patterns of Infectious Disease Occurrence Epidemic Pandemic |
▪Epidemic- When prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected ▪ Pandemic- epidemic across continents |
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The occurrence of Lyme disease mainly in areas where certain species of ticks live would define it as a/an _______________ disease. A. Epidemic B. Endemic C. Sporadic D. Pandemic |
B. Endemic [found in specific areas regularly] |
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Summary ▪Norma Flora ▪Factors for infection ▪Stages of Infection |
Normal Flora - microorganisms that colonizes the body. Any opening to the outside world exposes us to micobes Factors for Infection - Portals of entry, adherence, infection, disease and portals of exit Stages of Infection - incubation, prodromal [ where you start not feeling right], period of invasion, and convalescent period [Infectious at all stages] |
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Summary ▪Signs and symptoms ▪ Source vs Reservoir ▪ Epidemiology |
Signs and symptoms - signs are something you see [objective]; symptoms are something you feel [subjective] Source vs Reservoir -Source are who you get from, reservoir is where it is found in nature. Epidemiology - the study of tracking disease. Incidence, morbidity, mortality, endemic, epidemic and pandemic |
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The end |
the end |
