Chapter 13 Blood Systerm/chapter 14 Lymphatic & Immune Systems

Front 1

Albumin

Back 1

Protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood

Front 2

Anisocytosis

Back 2

Inequality in the size of red blood cells.

Front 3

Anticoagulant

Back 3

Substance that prevents blood clotting.

Front 4

Antigen

Back 4

Foreign agent that stimulates the production of an antibody.

Front 5

Basophil

Back 5

White blood cell (leukocyte) containing dark granules that stain with a basic dye.

Front 6

Bilirubin

Back 6

Orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed.

Front 7

Coagulation

Back 7

Process of blood clotting.

Front 8

Coagulaopathy

Back 8

Disease of blood clotting.

Front 9

Colony-Stimulating Factor (CSF)

Back 9

Protein that stimulates growth of white blood cells (granulocytes)

Front 10

Cytology

Front 11

Differentiation

Back 11

Change in structure & function of a cell as it matures; specialization.

Front 12

Electrophoresis

Back 12

Method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge.

Front 13

Eosinophil

Back 13

White blood cell whose granules stain intensely with an acidic eosin (reddish) dye; elevated in allergic reactions.

Front 14

Eosinophilia

Back 14

Increase in numbers of eosinophils in the bloodstream.

Front 15

Erythroblast

Back 15

Immature red blood cell.

Front 16

Erythrocyte

Back 16

Red blood cell.

Front 17

Erythropioesis

Back 17

Formation of red blood cells.

Front 18

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Back 18

Substance (hormone) produced by the kidney to stimulate bone marrow to produce erythrocytes.

Front 19

Fibrin

Back 19

Protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot.

Front 20

Fibrinogen

Back 20

Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process.

Front 21

Globulin

Back 21

Plasma protein

Front 22

Granulocyte

Back 22

White blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules; includes neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil.

Front 23

Granulocytopenia

Back 23

Deficiency of granulocytes.

Front 24

Hematopoiesis

Back 24

Formation of blood cells.

Front 25

Hematopoietic Stem Cell

Back 25

Cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells.

Front 26

Hemoglobin

Back 26

Blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells.

Front 27

Hemoglobinopathy

Back 27

blood disorder (as sickle-cell anemia) caused by a genetically determined change in the molecular structure of hemoglobin.

Front 28

Hemolysis

Back 28

Destruction or breakdown of blood (red blood cells).

Front 29

Hemostasis

Back 29

Stoppage of bleeding or circulation of blood.

Front 30

Heparin

Back 30

Anticoagulant found in blood & tissue cells.

Front 31

Hypochromic

Back 31

Pertaining to deficiency in color; decrease in hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Front 32

Immune Reaction

Back 32

Response of the immune system to foreign invasion.

Front 33

Immunoglobulin

Back 33

Antibody protein in the blood; IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE.

Front 34

Leukapheresis

Back 34

Mechanical separation of white blood cells from the rest of the blood.

Front 35

Leukocyte

Back 35

White blood cell.

Front 36

Leukopenia

Front 37

Lymphocyte

Back 37

White blood cell capable of producing antibodies.

Front 38

Macrocytosis

Back 38

Presence of large red blood cells in the blood.

Front 39

Macrophage

Back 39

Monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces. As a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material & debris. In the liver, spleen, & bone marrow, macrophages destroy worn out red blood cells.

Front 40

Megakaryocyte

Back 40

Large, giant cell with a big nucleus; platelet precursor found in the bone marrow.

Front 41

Microcytosis

Back 41

Increased numbers of smaller than normal red blood cells.

Front 42

Monoblast

Back 42

Immature monocyte.

Front 43

Monocyte

Back 43

White blood cell (agranulocyte) with one large nucleus; enter tissues as macrophages.

Front 44

Mononuclear

Back 44

A(n) ___________ antibody is an antibody produced in a laboratory to attack specific antigens.

also Pertaining to a white blood cell with a single, round nucleus; monocyte or lymphocyte.

Front 45

Morphology

Back 45

Study of the shape and form of cells, particularly red blood cells. also

Microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red blood cells.

Front 46

Myeloblast

Back 46

Immature granulocytic white blood cell; a cell normally only found in the bone marrow.

Front 47

Myelodysplasia

Front 48

Myeloid

Back 48

Derived from bone marrow.

Front 49

Myelopoiesis

Back 49

The production of bone marrow and of all cells that arise from it, namely, all blood cells.

Front 50

Neutropenia

Back 50

Deficiency of neutrophils.

Front 51

Neutrophil

Back 51

White blood cell with dark granules that stain with a neutral dye; phagocyte formed in the bone marrow and the body's first line of defense against disease.

Front 52

Neutrophilia

Back 52

Increased numbers of neutrophils.

Front 53

Pancytopenia

Back 53

Deficiency of all (blood) cells.

Front 54

Phagocyte

Back 54

Cell that engulfs another cell or foreign organism and destroys it.

Front 55

Plasma

Back 55

Liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, hormones, & vitamins.

Front 56

Plasmapheresis

Back 56

Removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge.

Front 57

Platelet

Back 57

Clotting cell or thrombocyte.

Front 58

Plateletpheresis

Back 58

Separation of platelets from the rest of the blood.

Front 59

Poikilocytosis

Back 59

Variation in the shape of red blood cells.

Front 60

Polymorphonuclear

Back 60

Pertaining to a white blood cell with a muli-lobed; neutrophil.

Front 61

Prothrombin

Back 61

Plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process.

Front 62

Reticulocyte

Back 62

Immature erythrocyte. A network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining the cell with special dyes.

Front 63

Rh Factor

Back 63

Antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive individuals. The factor was first indentified in the blood of a rhesus monkey.

Front 64

Serum

Back 64

Plasma minus clotting proteins (prothrombin and fibrinogen) and clotting cells.

Front 65

Sideropenia

Back 65

A deficiency of iron

Front 66

Spherocytosis

Back 66

Increase in numbers of sphere-shaped red blood cells, as in a type of anemia (hemolytic anemia).

Front 67

Stem Cell

Back 67

Unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms.

Front 68

Thrombin

Back 68

Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation.

Front 69

Thrombocyte

Back 69

Platelet; clotting cell

Front 70

Thrombocytopenia

Back 70

Deficiency of clotting cells.

Front 71

Thrombolytic Therapy

Back 71

_________ therapy is treatment with drugs to break down clots that may abnormally form in blood vessels.

Front 72

Thrombosis

Back 72

Condition of clot formation.

Front 73

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

Back 73

Immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate.

Front 74

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

Back 74

Immature granulocytes (myeloblasts) predominate.

Front 75

Anemia

Back 75

Deficiency of red blood cells.

Front 76

Antiglobulin Test (Coombs Test)

Back 76

Test for the presence of antibodies that coat & damage erythrocytes.

Front 77

Apheresis

Back 77

Withdrawal and separation of blood elements.

Front 78

Aplastic Anemia

Back 78

______________ anemia occurs when the bone marrow stops producing red blood cells.

Front 79

Autologous Transfusion

Back 79

The introduction of whole blood or blood components directly into the blood stream.

Front 80

Bleeding Time

Back 80

Time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound.

Front 81

Blood Transfusion

Back 81

Whole blood cells are taken from a donor & infused into a patient.

Front 82

Bone Marrow Biopsy

Back 82

Microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle.

Front 83

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Back 83

Abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow, lymph nodes, & spleen.

Front 84

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Back 84

Both mature immature granulocytes are present in large numbers in the marrow & blood.

Front 85

Coagulation Time

Back 85

Time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube.

Front 86

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Back 86

Determination of numbs of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, & red cell values

Front 87

Dyscrasia

Back 87

An abnormal or disordered state of the body or of a bodily part.

Front 88

Ecchymoses

Back 88

Large blue or purplish patches on the skin (bruises)

Front 89

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

Back 89

Speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma.

Front 90

Granulocytosis

Back 90

Increased numbers of granulocytes in the blood.

Front 91

Hematocrit (Hct)

Back 91

Percentage of red blood cells in a given volume of blood.

Front 92

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Back 92

Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient.

Front 93

Hemochromatosis

Back 93

Excess iron deposits throughout the body.

Front 94

Hemoglobin Test

Back 94

Total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood.

Front 95

Hemolytic Anemia

Back 95

_________ anemia occurs when there is excessive destruction of red blood cells.

Front 96

Hemophilia

Back 96

Hereditary disease of blood clotting failure with abnormal bleeding. Affected individuals are lacking a blood clotting factor (factor VIII or factor IX).

Front 97

Intrinsic Factor

Back 97

A substance secreted by the stomach that enables the body to absorb vitamin B12. It is a glycoprotein.

Front 98

Leukemia

Back 98

Cancer of blood-forming tissues, including bone marrow.

Front 99

Mononucleosis

Back 99

Infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes.

Front 100

Multiple Myeloma

Back 100

Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow.

Front 101

Palliative

Back 101

Relieving pain or alleviating a problem without dealing with the underlying cause.

Front 102

Pernicious Anemia

Back 102

_____________ anemia is anemia due to inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body.

Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb Vitamin B12 into the bloodstream.

Front 103

Petechiae

Back 103

Small, pinpoint hemorrhages caused by bleeding under the skin.

Front 104

Platelet Count

Back 104

Number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.

Front 105

Polycythemia Vera

Back 105

General increase in red blood cells (erythremia).

Front 106

Prothrombin Time (PT)

Back 106

Test of the ability of blood to clot.

Front 107

Purpura

Back 107

A rash of purple spots on the skin caused by internal bleeding from small blood vessels.

Front 108

Red Blood Cell Count (RBC)

Back 108

Number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.

Front 109

Red Blood Cell Morphology

Back 109

Microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells.

Front 110

Relapse

Back 110

Return of symptoms of disease.

Front 111

Remission

Back 111

Disappearance of signs & symptoms of disease

Front 112

Sickle Cell Anemia

Back 112

Heredity disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes & hemolysis.

Front 113

Thalassemia

Back 113

Inherited defect inability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia.

Front 114

White Blood Cell Count (WBC)

Back 114

Number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or mircroliter of blood.

Front 115

White Blood Cell Differential

Back 115

Percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood.

Front 116

Antibody (Ab)

Back 116

Specific protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens. An antibody is specific to an antigen & inactivates it.

Front 117

Adaptive Immunity

Back 117

_________ immunity is the type of immune response in which a B cell lymphocyte transforms into a plasma cell and secretes antibodies.

Front 118

Adenoids

Back 118

Mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx.

Front 119

Anaphylaxis

Back 119

Tissue swelling and blood pressure drop due to an exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substance.

Front 120

Antibody

Back 120

Protein made by white blood cells in response to foreign substances (antigens) in the blood. ALSO

Protein produced in the bloodstream by lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen, such as a bacterium or toxin. These proteins destroy or weaken antigens.

Front 121

Antigen

Back 121

Foreign agent that stimulates the production of an antibody.

Front 122

Asplenia

Back 122

The absence of normal spleen function

Front 123

Autoimmune Disease

Back 123

____________ diseases are diseases that are caused by the abnormal production of antibodies to normal body tissues; multiple sclerosis and lupus erythematosus are examples.

Front 124

Axillary Nodes

Back 124

Lymph nodes in the armpit (underarm).

Front 125

B Lymphocyte

Back 125

A _ lymphocyte is a lymphocyte that originates in bone marrow and transforms into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies.

Front 126

Cell-mediated Immunity

Back 126

T cells (cytotoxic, helper & suppressor) that respond to antigens & destroy them; a type of adaptive immunity

Front 127

Cervical Nodes

Back 127

Lymph nodes in the neck region.

__________ nodes are lymph nodes in the neck.

Front 128

Complement System

Back 128

Proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target.

Front 129

Cytokines

Back 129

Protein that aids cells to destroy antigens. Examples are interleukins and interferons.

Front 130

Cytotoxic T Cell

Back 130

Lymphocyte that directly kills antigens; called CD8-positive T cell.

Front 131

Dendritic Cell

Back 131

Antigen-presenting cell. Shows T & B cells what to attack.

Front 132

Helper T Cell

Back 132

Lymphyocyte that aides B cells & stimulates T cells. Also called CD4-positive T cell.

Front 133

Humoral Immunity

Back 133

B Cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity.

Front 134

Hypersplenism

Back 134

Syndrome of spleen enlargement (splenomegaly) and increased destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis).

Front 135

Immunity

Back 135

Body's ability to resist foreign organisms & toxins that damage tissues & organs. This includes natural immunity & adaptive immunity.

Front 136

Immunoglubulins

Back 136

Antibodies such as IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, & IgD; secreted by plasma cells (mature B cells) in response to the presence of an antigen.

Front 137

Immunosuppression

Back 137

The partial or complete suppression of the immune response of an individual. It is induced to help the survival of an organ after a transplant operation.

Front 138

Immunotherapy

Back 138

Use of immunologic techniques to treat disease.

Front 139

Inguinal Node

Back 139

Lymph nodes in the groin region.

Front 140

Interferons

Back 140

Anti-viral proteins secreted by lymphocytes.

Front 141

Interleukins

Back 141

Proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B & T lymphocytes.

Front 142

Interstitial Fluid

Back 142

Fluid in the spaces between cells. This fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries.

__________ fluid is the fluid that fills the spaces in between cells.

Front 143

Lymph

Back 143

Fluid that circulates within lymph vessels and lymph nodes.

Front 144

Lymphadenitis

Back 144

Inflammation of the lymph nodes.

Front 145

Lymphadenopathy

Back 145

Disease of lymph nodes.

Front 146

Lymph Capillaries

Back 146

Tiniest lymphatic vessels.

Front 147

Lymphedema

Back 147

Abnormal collection of fluid in tissue spaces caused by obstruction of lymph vessels and backflow of lymph.

Front 148

Lymph Node

Back 148

Collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue lymph vessels; contains cells (lymphocytes & macrophages) that fight infection.

Front 149

Lymphocytes

Back 149

White blood cells that develop primarily in lymph nodes and the spleen and fight against foreign organisms.

Front 150

Lymphocytosis

Back 150

An increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood.

Front 151

Lymphocytopenia

Back 151

The condition of having an abnormally low level of lymphocytes in the blood.

Front 152

Lymphoid Organs

Back 152

Lymph nodes, spleen, & thymus glands.

Front 153

Lymphopoiesis

Back 153

The process in which lymphocytes (B cells, T cells and NK cells) develop from progenitor cells.

Front 154

Lymph Vessel

Back 154

Carrier of lymph throughout the body; lymphatic vessels lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest.

Front 155

Macrophage

Back 155

Large phagocytic cell migrating from the blood into tissues.

Front 156

Mediastinal Nodes

Back 156

Lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the thoracic (chest) cavity.

Front 157

Mesenteric Nodes

Back 157

Lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region).

Front 158

Monoclonal Antibody

Back 158

Antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens & to destroy cells; useful in immunotherapy.

Front 159

Natural Immunity

Back 159

_________ immunity is the person's own genetic ability to fight off disease. It includes phagocytes and lymphocytes such as natural killer cells. It is NOT dependent on any prior exposure to the disease.

Front 160

Paraaortic Nodes

Back 160

Lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body.

Front 161

Plasma Cell

Back 161

A ______ cell is a B cell lymphocyte that has transformed and is actively secreting antibodies.

Front 162

Right Lymphatic Duct

Back 162

Lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body. It empties into a large vein in the neck.

Front 163

Spleen

Back 163

Organ adjacent to the stomach (in the LUQ) that stores, and eliminates blood cells.

Front 164

Splenectomy

Back 164

Removal of the spleen.

Front 165

Splenomegaly

Back 165

Enlargement of the spleen.

Front 166

Suppressor T Cell

Back 166

Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B & T cells. Also called a Treg (regulatory T cell).

Front 167

T Cell

Back 167

(T Lymphyocyte) Lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons & interleukins that are toxic to antigens.

Front 168

Thoracic Duct

Back 168

Large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower & left side of the body (head, neck arm & chest). It empties into large veins in the neck.

Front 169

Thymectomy

Back 169

Surgical removal of the thymus gland.

Front 170

Thymus Gland

Back 170

The _______ gland is a lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that produces T cell lymphocytes and aids in the immune response.

Front 171

Tolerance

Back 171

The ability of T lymphocytes to recognize & accept the body's own antigens as "self" or friendly. Once tolerance is established, the immune system will not react against the body.

Front 172

Tonsils

Back 172

Masses of lymphatic tissue on either side of the back of the mouth.

Front 173

Toxic

Back 173

Pertaining to a toxin, which is a poison or harmful substance.

Front 174

Toxin

Back 174

Poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants.

Front 175

Vaccination

Back 175

Exposure of an individual to foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response. The response will destroy any cell that possesses the antigen on its surface & will protect against infection.

Front 176

Vaccine

Back 176

Weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease.

Front 177

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

(AIDS)

Back 177

Group of clinical signs & symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system & marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, & neurological problems.

Front 178

Allergen

Back 178

Substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction in the body; a type of antigen

Front 179

Allergy

Back 179

Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen (allergen).

Front 180

Atopy

Back 180

The genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis (eczema).

Front 181

CD4+ Cell Count

Back 181

Measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream of patients with AIDS.

Front 182

ELISA

Back 182

Screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream.

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Front 183

Hodgkin Disease

Back 183

__________ lymphoma is a malignant tumor of lymphatic tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes that is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.

Front 184

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Back 184

Virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS.

Front 185

Immunoelectrophoresis

Back 185

Laboratory test that separates immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE, and IgA).

Front 186

Kaposi Sarcoma

Back 186

___________ sarcoma is a malignant tumor of skin and connective tissue and is associated with AIDS.

Front 187

Lymphoma

Back 187

Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue.

Front 188

Multiple Myeloma

Back 188

Malignant tumor of the bone marrow cells.

Front 189

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Back 189

Group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue. Examples are follicular lymphoma & large cell lymphoma.

Front 190

Opportunistic Infections

Back 190

Infectious diseases associated with AIDS; they occur because HIV infection lowers the body's resistance & allows infection by bacteria & parasites that normally are easily contained.

Front 191

Protease Inhibitors

Back 191

Drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces for HIV.

Front 192

Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Back 192

Drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV.

Front 193

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease

Front 194

Thymoma

Back 194

Malignant tumor of the thymus gland.

Front 195

Viral Load Test

Back 195

Measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream.

Front 196

Wasting Syndrome

Front 197

Wasting Syndrome

Back 197

Weight loss, decrease in muscular strength, appetite & mental activity; associated with AIDS.

Front 198

Western Blot

Front 199

Computed Tomography (CT) scan

Back 199

X-ray imaging produces cross-sectional & other views of anatomic structures.

Front 200

CD4+ Cells

Back 200

Helper T cells that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface. HIV binds to CD4 & infects & kills T cells bearing this protein. AIDS patients have an inadequate number of CD4+ cells.

Front 201

Waldenstrum Macroglobulinemia

Back 201

Disorder of malignant B cells.

Front 202

Differential

Back 202

Percentage of the total white blood cell count made up by different types of leukocytes.

Front 203

T Lymphocyte

Back 203

A _ lymphocyte is a lymphocyte originating in the thymus gland and destroys antigens by direct action or production of cytokines such as interferons and interleukins.

Front 204

Retrovirus

Back 204

Virus that makes copies of itself using the host cell's DNA, a process that is the reverse of the normal replication mechanism in cells. HIV is an example.

Front 205

Acquired Immunity

Back 205

________ immunity is the immunity that occurs due to formation of antibodies and lymphocytes after exposure to an antigen.

Front 207

AIDS

Front 208

AIDS

Back 208

(Abbreviation) Depression or suppression of the immune system after exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems.

Front 209

HIV

Back 209

(Abbreviation) Virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS.

Front 210

Myelogenous

Front 211

Myelogenous

Back 211

Pertaining to cells produced in the bone marrow.

Front 212

Leukocytopenia

Back 212

Deficiency of white blood cells.