Chapter 13

Front 1

Location of spinal cord

Back 1

neck, middle of the back to coccyx

Front 2

Length and width of the spinal cord

Back 2

Length: about 18 inches (45 cm)

Width: 1/2 in (14 mm)

Front 3

Limits of the spinal cord

Back 3

stress in weight. This can injure hip, and cause slipped discs.

Front 4

The spinal cord continues to elongate and enlarge until what age?

Back 4

4

Front 5

The Spinal cord is _______ that the spinal canal.

Back 5

shorter

Front 6

The inferior limit of the Spinal cord is ______

Back 6

L I and L II

Front 7

Describe the position of the white mater in the spinal cord

Back 7

Superficial and is organized in columns

Front 8

Describe the position of Gray mater in the spinal cord

Back 8

surrounds central canal of spinal cord

Front 9

What is cervical enlargement and its importance?

Back 9

The spinal cord extension that corresponds to the arms, it is responsible to supply nerves to the upper limbs

Front 10

What is Lumbar enlargement?

Back 10

expansion that corresponds to the legs, responsible for supplying nerves to the lower limbs

Front 11

The white mater contains_______

Back 11

myelinated and unmyelianted axons

Front 12

TRUE/ FALSE : The white matter of the spinal cord contains bundles of axons with common origins, destination, and functions

Back 12

True

Front 13

In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as _______

Back 13

tracts or fasciculi

Front 14

The gray matter contains_______

Back 14

Neuron cell bodies

Neuroglia

Unmyelinated axons

Front 15

What is the conus medullaris?

Back 15

conical area below lumbar enlargement

Front 16

What is the fillum terminalis?

Back 16

slender strand of fibrous tissue that extends from the inferior tip of the conus medullaris

Front 17

The ______ ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament

Back 17

Fillum terminalis

Front 18

What is the denticulate ligament? and its function?

Back 18

originate along either side of the spinal cord and prevent lateral movement.

Front 19

What are horns?

Back 19

projections of gray matter towards the outer surface of the spinal cord

Front 20

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly ______

Back 20

somatic sensory and motor nuclei

Front 21

What types of neurons contain the anterior, posterior and the lateral gray horn

Back 21

anterior: somatic motor

Posterior: somatic sensory

Lateral: visceral nuclei

Front 22

What are the nuclei?

Back 22

functional groups of cell bodies

Front 23

What are the ganglia?

Back 23

cell bodies of sensory neurons

Front 24

What is a nerve?

Back 24

is surrounded by three connective tissue layers, that support structures and contain blood vessels

Front 25

What is a tract?

Back 25

bundles of axon in white columns

Front 26

The anterior (ventral) root consists of the axons of the ________ neurons

Back 26

motor neurons

Front 27

The dorsal root consists of the axons of ___________ neurons

Back 27

cell bodies of sensory neurons

Front 28

What type of information is carried by the anterior or ventral root

Back 28

extend into the periphery to control somatic and visceral effectors

Front 29

What type of information is carried by the posterior or dorsal root?

Back 29

bring sensory information to the spinal cord

Front 30

The dorsal root ganglia may contain _______ neurons

Back 30

cell bodies of sensory

Front 31

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed, sensory input would be blocked. Why?

Back 31

the connection is lost and the sensory input would not be able to reach the dorsal root

Front 32

When the dorsal and ventral root unite, they form the ______

Back 32

spinal nerves

Front 33

Spinal nerves are sensory and motor mixed. Why?

Back 33

carry both afferent (sensory fibers and efferent (motor fibers). each peripheral nerve provides sensory or motor neurons to specific structures

Front 34

TRUE/ FALSE : The spinal nerve forms lateral to the interverteral foramen

Back 34

True

Front 35

The spinal cord consists of ____ regions and ____ segments

Back 35

31 and 31

Front 36

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Back 36

31

Front 37

What of information carries the spinal nerve?

Back 37

sensory information to the spinal cord

Front 38

Number of cervical nerves

Back 38

8

Front 39

number of thoracic nerves

Back 39

12

Front 40

number of lumbar nerves

Back 40

5

Front 41

number of sacral nerves

Back 41

5

Front 42

number of coccigeal nerves

Back 42

1

Front 43

Name the branches of the spinal nerve

Back 43

ventral rami

dorsal rami

communicantes (white and gray ramus)

Front 44

The ______ innervates the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs

Back 44

ventral rami

Front 45

The ______ of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back

Back 45

dorsal rami

Front 46

TRUE / FALSE :

The preganglionic fibers connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion with the local spinal nerve

Back 46

TRUE

Front 47

TRUE/FALSE :

Post ganglionic fibers connect an autonomic ganglion with the local spinal nerve

Back 47

True

Front 48

What is a plexus?

Back 48

complex interwoven network of nerves

Front 49

TRUE/FALSE :

The plexus are networks of ventral rami only

Back 49

True

Front 50

The ventral rami form four major plexuses. Name them

Back 50

1. cervical

2. Brachial

3. Lumbar

4. Sacral

Front 51

TRUE/ FALSE:

The cervical plexus consists of ventral rami from C1 - C5

Back 51

True

Front 52

The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the ______plexus.

Back 52

Brachial

Front 53

The Brachial plexus consists of _______

Back 53

C5-T1

Front 54

The lumbar plexus consists of ________

Back 54

T12- L4

Front 55

The sacral plexus consists of ________

Back 55

L4-S4

Front 56

How many plexus are there?

Back 56

4

Front 57

TRUE/FALSE :

In the thoracic region the ventral rami of the spinal nerves do not form plexus

Back 57

True

Front 58

Name one of the nerves of the cervical plexus

Back 58

Phrenic nerve

Front 59

If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he might be unable to breathe in his own. why?

Back 59

The cervical plexus innervates the thoracic cavity

Front 60

The _______ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphram.

Back 60

Phrenic nerve

Front 61

Name the nerves of the brachial plexus

Back 61

- Musculocutaneous nerve

- Median nerve

- Ulnar nerve

- Radial nerve

- Axillary nerve

Front 62

Name the nerves of the lumbar plexus

Back 62

- Genitofemoral nerve

- lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

- Femoral nerve

Front 63

Name the nerves of the sacral plexus

Back 63

- Pudendal nerve

- Sciatic nerve

Front 64

Name the branches of the sciatic nerve

Back 64

- fibularis nerve

- tibularis nerve

Front 65

The white matter of the spinal cord contains bundles of axons that share common origins destinations and functions, they are called _________ tracts.

Back 65

ascending and descending

Front 66

The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly _______ axons

Back 66

myelinated and unmyelinated

Front 67

The ascending tracts carry information to the ______

Back 67

brain

Front 68

The descending tracts carry motor commands to the ________

Back 68

spinal cord

Front 69

What is gray commisure?

Back 69

axons that cross from one side of the cord to the other within the gray matter

Front 70

What is a spinal segment?

Back 70

connects a pair of spinal nerves

Front 71

What is a dermatone?

Back 71

bilateral regions of skin that are monitored by specific pairs of spinal nerves

Front 72

What is a shingle?

Back 72

regional loss of sensory sensation in the corresponding region of skin

Front 73

In the condition ______, a virus infects dorsal root ganglia, causing painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes.

Back 73

Shingles

Front 74

A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will lead to muscle weakness or paralysis. Why?

Back 74

The anterior gray horn contains somatic motor neurons

Front 75

Each segment is associated with a pair of dorsal root ganglia

Back 75

True

Front 76

Each segment is designated by a letter and number

Back 76

True

Front 77

Name the membrane that protects the brain and spinal cord

Back 77

Meninges

Front 78

What is meningitis?

Back 78

inflammation of the meninges

Front 79

Name the meninges in order.

Back 79

1. Dura mater - outer layer

2. Arcichoid meter - middle layer

3. Pia mater - inner layer

Front 80

The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is ______

Back 80

Dura mater

Front 81

Where are found the blood vessels that supply directly spinal cord?

Back 81

run along the surface of the pia mater inside the subarachoid space

Front 82

The layer of the meninges in direct contact with in the spinal cord is the ________

Back 82

Pia matter

Front 83

What is subarachnoid space?

Back 83

space filled with cerebrospinal fluid that contains collagen fibers and is located between arachnoid matter and pia mater

Front 84

Function of the CSF

Back 84

carries dissolved gases, nutrients and wastes

Front 85

The epidural space contains _______.

Back 85

loose connective tissues

Adipose tissue

blood vessels

Front 86

The epidural space is used to _______

Back 86

inject anesthetic

Front 87

Functions of the epidural block

Back 87

a numbing medicine given by injection in the back, it numbs or causes a loss of feeling in the lower half your body

Front 88

The spinal tap is performed at what level? Why?

Back 88

Lumbar, used to withrdraw CSF

Front 89

The withdrawn of the CSF in performed in what space?

Back 89

subarachnoid space

Front 90

TRUE/FALSE:

Every spinal segment is connected to a pair of spinal nerves

Back 90

True

Front 91

Every spinal nerve is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue named ______

Back 91

epineruium

Front 92

Every axon is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue named________

Back 92

endoneurium

Front 93

The bundle of axons is surrounded by _______

Back 93

perinerium

Front 94

Every individual axon is surrounded by ______

Back 94

endoneurium

Front 95

What is a monosynaptic reflex?

Back 95

sensory neuron synapses directly onto motor neuron

Front 96

What is a neural reflex and their characteristics?

Back 96

rapid, automatic responses to specific stimulus

Front 97

What is an innate reflex?

Back 97

reflex based on a synapses formed during development

Front 98

What is a polysynaptic reflex?

Back 98

at least one neuron between sensory and motor

Front 99

What is a quadriplejia?

Back 99

paralysis of all four limbs

Front 100

What is paraplejia?

Back 100

paralysis of the legs and lower body

Front 101

What is a neuronal pool?

Back 101

functional groups of interconnected neurons that stimulate of depress parts of brain or spinal cord

Front 102

Name the recognized neuronal circuit patterns?

Back 102

- Divergence

- Convergence

- Serial processing

- Parallel processing

- Reverberation

Front 103

What is divergence

Back 103

spread of information from one neuron to several neurons

Front 104

What is convergence

Back 104

several neurons bring input from many sources to single neuron

Front 105

What is reverberation

Back 105

colateral branches of axons extend back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulate the presynaptic neurons

Front 106

What is serial processing

Back 106

Information is relayed from one neuron to another or form one neuronal pool

Front 107

What is parallel processing

Back 107

When several neurons or neuronal pols process the same information simultaneously

Front 108

Steps in neural reflex

Back 108

1. Arrival of stimulus, activation of receptor

2. Activation of sensory neuron

3. Information processing by postsynaptic cell

4. Activation of motor neuron

5. Response of peripheral effectors

Front 109

What is the Babinski reflex

Back 109

is a sign of injury to descending spinal tracts, it is normal in newborns, it is abnormal in adults.

Front 110

Which of the following is not true about positive Babinski reflex?

A. abnormal in adults

B. normal in newborns

C. A sign of injury to deceding spinal tracts

D. Why you close your eyes when you sneeze

E. Flaring of the toes when the sole is stroked

Back 110

D