Chapter 12 The Nervous System

Front 1

Dura Matter

Back 1

also known as "tough mother"



most superficial layer



composed of dense irregular connective tissue

Front 2

arachnoid

Back 2

spiderweb like

Front 3

pia matter

Back 3

thin delicate layer


associated w/spinal cord


denticulate ligaments

Front 4

epidural space

Back 4

space between dura matter and vertebrae


contains fat and other connective tissue

Front 5

subarachnoid space

Back 5

deep to arachnoid matter

contains cerebrospinal fluid

Front 6

dorsal root

Back 6

contains sensory axons


-input from skin, skeletal muscle, etc

Front 7

ventral roots

Back 7

have motor axons

Front 8

endonerium

Back 8

surronds individual nerve fiber

Front 9

perinerium

Back 9

surronds bundles of fascicles

Front 10

epinerium

Back 10

surronds entire nerve

Front 11

Organization of gray matter of spinal cord

Back 11

subdivded into horns:


ventral gray horns
-somatic motor neurons and nuclei for contraction of skeletal muscle


dorsal gray horns
-somatic and autonomic sensory nuclei


lateral gray horns
-cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons for smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Front 12

Know what would happen if spinal cord is severed at various levels

Back 12

c1-c3 no function below neck and venilator


c4-c5 diaphgram spared


T1-T3 upper limb function spared


T10-L1 most thigh muscles spared

Front 13

descirbe the functions of cerebrospinal fluid

Back 13

mechanical protection (shock absorber)

chemical environment (important in neuronal signaling)


nutrient and waste exchange

Front 14

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

Back 14

In ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord by ependymal cells, contains ions, glucose and protein

Front 15

Describe series of events in a simple spinal reflex arc:

Back 15

-sensory receptor responds to a stimulus


-propagation of impulse along sensory neurons to CNS


-integration of input in CNS gray matter


-activation of motor neuron and propagation of signal to target


-action of effector (target)

Front 16

Describe series of events in a strech reflex:

Back 16

-causes contraction of a skeletal muscle in response to a stretch

-can elicit by tapping a tendon

Front 17

Describe a seires of events in a tendon reflex:

Back 17

-causes relaxation of muscle before tendon tears


-tendon organs
*sensory units in tendon
*cause activation of inhibtory neurons in spinal cord

Front 18

Organization of white matter

Back 18

columns
-anterior, posterior, lateral
-each contains bundles of axons called tracts
-sensory tracts ascending
-motor tracts descending

Front 19

Define nerce plexus

Back 19

network of ventral rami associated w/neck and limbs


-cervical plexus,brachial plexus, and lumbosacral plexus

Front 20

define dermatome

Back 20

areas of skin innervated by a particular spinal cord segment

Front 21

define nuclei

Back 21

grouping of neuronal cells w/in brain

Front 22

define ganglion

Back 22

aggregation of group of neuronal cell bodies outside of brain


-dorsal sensory root ganglion
-autonomic ganglia

Front 23

define ventricles

Back 23

continous w/ each other and w/central canal of spinal cord

lined by ependymal cells

Front 24

define cerbral aqueduct

Back 24

connects 3rd adn 4th ventricles

Front 25

define septum pellucidum

Back 25

seprates the lateral ventricles

Front 26

Know the major parts of the brain and their functions

Back 26

Know: Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain cerebellum diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epitalamus), cerebrum (lobes, gyrus, sulcus, corpus callosum) and its functional areas, limbic system