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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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-nerve -neur/o- |
-collect info about the external and internal environment -process info and make decisions about action -direct body to put into play the decisions made |
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interneuron |
connect sensory and motor neurons |
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ANS |
-autonomic nervous system -mostly involuntary functions -sensory info from internal environment sent to CNS -motor impulses from CNS sent to involuntary muscles (heart, glands, organs) |
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PNS |
-peripheral nervous system -nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord to the tissues of the body |
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CNS |
-central nervous system -composed of brain and spinal cord |
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-sensory -afferent |
-carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord |
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-efferent -motor |
carry impulses from brain and spinal cord to either voluntary or involuntary muscles |
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somatic |
-voluntary in nature -collect info from and return instructions to the skin, muscles, and joints |
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-stromal cells -glia |
cells that provide a supportive function in the nervous system |
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-parenchymal cells -neurons |
carry out the work of the nervous system |
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axon |
slender, elongated projection of the cell body that carries the nervous impulse toward the next neuron |
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dendrite |
projections of the cell body that receive neural impulses |
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synapse |
space between terminal fibers of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell |
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neurotransmitter |
chemical messengers of the nervous system |
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astrocyte |
a type of neuroglia that connects neurons and blood vessels and form the BBB |
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BBB |
-blood-brain barrier -prevents or slows the passage of some drugs and disease-causing organisms to the CNS |
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cerebrum |
-largest portion of the brain -responsible for thinking, reasoning, and memory |
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frontal lobe |
contains functions of speech and the motor area that controls voluntary movement on the contralateral side of the body |
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temporal lobe |
contains auditory and olfactory areas |
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parietal lobe |
controls sensations of touch and taste |
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occipital lobe |
responsible for vision |
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cerebellum |
coordinates voluntary movement but is involuntary in its function |
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diencephalon |
-composed of thalamus and hypothalamus -thalamus relays sensory info and translating it into sensations of pain, temperature, and touch -hypothalamus activates integrates, and controls the ANS |
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brainstem |
-composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata -midbrain is the site of reflex centers for eye and head movements in response to stimuli -pons serves as a the bridge between medulla oblongata and cerebrum -medulla oblongata regulates HR, BP, and breathing |
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meninges |
act as protective coverings for the CNS |
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dura mater |
tough, fibrous, outer covering of the meninges |
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subdural space |
space between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane |
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arachnoid membrane |
thin, delicate membrane that takes its name from its spidery appearance |
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subarachnoid space |
space between arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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pia mater |
thin, vascular membrane that is the innermost of the three meninges |
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cranial nerves |
-divided into 12 pairs -conduct impulses between brain and the head, neck, thoracic, and abdominal areas |
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spinal nerves |
-divided into 31 pairs -provide innervation to the rest of the body |
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dermatome |
skin surface areas supplied by a single afferent spinal nerve |
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plexus |
nerve fibers from several spinal nerves that form a network |
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sympathetic nervous system |
-helps individual respond to perceived stress -HR and BP increase, digestion slows, sweat and adrenal glands increase their secretions -"fight or flight" |
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parasympathetic nervous system |
-slows the HR, lowers BP, increases digestion, decreases adrenal and sweat gland activities
-"rest and digest" |
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amnesia |
loss of memory caused by brain damage or severe emotional trauma |
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aphasia |
-lack of impairment of the ability to form or understand speech -less severe forms include dysphasia and dysarthria |
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dysphagia |
condition of difficulty with swallowing |
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neuralgia |
nerve pain |
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causalgia
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burning nerve pain |
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paresthesia |
feeling of prickling, burning, or numbness |
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narcolepsy |
disorder characterized by sudden attacks of sleep |
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tremor |
rhythmic, quivering, purposeless skeletal muscle movements seen in some elderly individuals and in patients with various neurodegenerative disorders |
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spasm |
involuntary muscle contraction of sudden onset |
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fasciculation |
involuntary contraction of small, local muscles |
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vertigo |
-dizziness -abnormal sensation of movement when there is none |
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athetosis |
continuous, involuntary, slow, writhing movement of the extremities |
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hypokinesia |
decrease in normal movement, sometimes due to paralysis |
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ataxia |
lack of muscular coordination |
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apraxia |
inability to perform purposeful movements or to use objects appropriately |
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anosmia |
lack of sense of smell |
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CP |
-cerebral palsy -motor function disorder as a result of permanent, nonprogressive brain defect or lesion caused perinatally |
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PD |
-Parkinson disease -progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by tremors, fasciculations, slow shuffling gait, hypokinesia, dysphasia, and dysphagia |
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MS |
-multiple sclerosis -neurodegenerative disease characterized by destruction of the myelin sheaths on the CNS neurons and their abnormal replacement by the gradual accumulation of hardened plaques |
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ALS |
-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -degenerative, fatal disease of the motor neurons, in which patients exhibit progressive muscle weakness and atrophy -AKA Lou Gehrig disease |
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Tay-Sachs disease |
-inherited disease that occurs mainly in people of Eastern European Jewish origin -caused by an enzyme deficiency, which results in CNS deterioration |
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AD |
-Alzheimer disease -progressive, neurodegenerative disease in which patients exhibit an impairment of cognitive functioning -most common cause of dementia |
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GB |
-Guillain-Barre syndrome -autoimmune disorder of acute polyneuritis producing profound myasthenia that may lead to paralysis |
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Tourette syndrome |
abnormal condition characterized by facial grimaces, tics, involuntary arm and shoulder movements, and involuntary vocalizations, including coprolalia (the use of vulgar, obscene, or sacrilegious language) |
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spina bifida |
-condition in which the spinal column has an abnormal opening that allows protrusion of the meninges and/or spinal cord -meningocele: just the meninges meningomyelocele: meninges and spinal cord |
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spina bifida occulta |
congenital malformation of the bony spinal canal without involvement of the spinal cord |
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epilepsy |
group of disorders characterized by some or all of the following recurrent seizures, sensory disturbances, abnormal behavior, and/or loss of consciousness |
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tonic clonic (grand mal) |
seizures accompanied by temporary loss of consciousness and severe muscle spasms |
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absence seizures (petit mal) |
seizures accompanied by loss of consciousness exhibited by unresponsiveness for short periods without muscle involvement |
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status epilepticus |
condition of intense, unrelenting, life-threatening seizures |
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pseudoseizures |
-false seizures -causes may be trauma, tumor, intoxication, chemical imbalance, or vascular disturbances |
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Bell palsy |
-paralysis of the facial nerve -unknown cause, usually resolves on its own within 6 months |
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neuritis |
inflammation of the nerves |
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sciatica |
-inflammation of the sciatic nerve -symptoms include pain and tenderness along the path of the nerve through the thigh and leg |
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shingles |
-acute infection caused by the reactivation of the latent varicella zoster virus (chickenpox) -characterized by vesicular skin eruption underlying the route of cranial/spinal nerves -AKA herpes zoster |
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radiculitis |
inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve |
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polyneuritis |
inflammation of several peripheral nerves |
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poliomyelitis |
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a poliovirus |
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CVA |
-cerebrovascular accident -ischemia of cerebral tissue due to an occlusion from a thrombus or embolus, or as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage -AKA stroke, brain attack, and cerebral infarction |
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migraine |
-headache of vascular origin -may be classified as migraine with aura or migraine without aura |
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TIA |
-transient ischemic attack -same mechanisms as a CVA, but the sequelae resolve and disappear within 24 hours -AKA mini stroke |
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diplegia |
paralysis of the same body part on both sides of the body |
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hemiparesis |
muscular weakness or slight paralysis on the left or right side of the body |
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hemiplegia |
paralysis on the left or right side of the body |
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monoparesis |
weakness or slight paralysis of one limb on the left or right side of the body |
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monoplegia |
paralysis of one limb on the left or right side of the body |
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paraparesis |
slight paralysis of the lower limbs and trunk |
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paraplegia |
paralysis of the lower limbs and trunk |
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quadriparesis |
weakness or slight paralysis of the arms, legs, and trunk |
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quadriplegia |
paralysis of arms, legs, and trunk |
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astrocytoma |
-tumor arising from star-shaped glial cells that is malignant in higher grades -glioblastoma multiforme is the most common primary brain cancer |
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medulloblastoma |
-tumor arising from embryonic tissue in the cerebellum -most commonly seen in children |
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neuroblastoma |
-highly malignant tumor arising from either the ANS or the adrenal medulla -usually affects children younger than 10 years of age |
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EEG |
-electroencephalography -recording of the electrical activity of the brain -resultant record is called an electrocardiogram |
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EP |
-evoked potential
-electrical response from the brainstem or cerebral cortex that is produced in response to specific stimuli |
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NCV |
-nerve conduction velocity -determines how quickly electrical signals move through a particular peripheral nerve |
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EMG
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-electromyography -evaluates and records the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles -usually performed in conjunction with NCV |
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Babinski reflex |
-dorsiflexion of the great toe when the plantar surface of the sole is stimulated -Babinski sign is the loss or diminution of the Achilles tendon reflex seen in sciatica |
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DTR |
-deep tendon reflex -assessment of an automatic motor response by striking a tendon -useful in diagnosis of stroke |
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LP |
-lumbar puncture -procedure to aspirate CSF from the lumbar subarachnoid space -needle inserted between two lumbar vertebrae to withdraw the fluid for diagnostic purposes -AKA spinal tap |
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GARS |
-gait assessment rating scale -inventory of 16 aspects of gait to determine abnormalities -evaluate cerebellar function |
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stereotaxic radiosurgery |
surgery using radio waves to localize structures within 3D space |
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ventriculoperitoneal shunt |
a tube used to drain fluid from brain ventricles into the abdominal cavity |
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TENS |
-transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation -method of pain control affected by the application of electrical impulses to the skin |
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anticonvulsant |
reduce the frequency and severity of epileptic or other convulsive seizures |
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antiparkinsonian drugs |
effective in treating Parkinson disease |
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hypnotics |
sedatives that promote sleep |
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neuromuscular blockers |
-drugs that block the action of acetylcholine at the motor nerve end plate to cause paralysis
-may be used in surgery to minimize patient movement |
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sedatives |
inhibit neuronal activity to calm and relax |
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stimulants |
increase synaptic activity of targeted neurons in the CNS to treat narcolepsy, ADD/ADHD, fatigue, and to suppress the appetite |
