Chapter 12 - Cell Cycle

Front 1

Interphase

Back 1

90% of cell cycle
growth and DNA relication
can be divided into subphases: G1, S, G2

Front 2

G1 phase "first gap"

Back 2

a cell grows
chromosome consists of long, thin chromatin fibers made of DNA and associated protein
RNA molecules are being transcribed from genes that are switched on

Front 3

S phase (synthesis of DNA)

Back 3

cell continues to grow as it copies its chromosomes
chromosome is replicated
2 exact copies (aka sister chromatids) are produced and held together by proteins along their length
growth continues

Front 4

G2 phase "second gap"

Back 4

prepares for cell division
growth continues
last part of interphase

Front 5

Mitosis

Back 5

cell division
mitosis divides the nucleus and distributes its chromosomes to the daughter nuclei
can be divided into subphases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 6

Prophase

Back 6

changes occur in nucleus and cytoplasm
in nucleus: chromatids become tightly coiled and folded and chromosomes are observable with light microscope
nucleoli disappears
in cytoplasm: mitotic spindle forms and centrosomes move away from each other

Front 7

Prometaphase

Back 7

nuclear envelope fragments
kinetochore fibers from opposite ends of the mitotic spindle atach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids
chromosome moves toward midline

Front 8

Genome

Back 8

a cell's endowment of DNA
it's genetic information

Front 9

Somatic Cells

Back 9

all body cells except the reproductive cells

Front 10

Gametes

Back 10

sperm cells and egg cells (half as many chromosomes as somatic cells)

Front 11

Chromatin

Back 11

DNA-protein complex organized into a long, thin fiber

Front 12

Sister Chromatids

Back 12

replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II

Front 13

Centromere

Back 13

the narrow "waist"
the centralized region joining two sister chromatids

Front 14

Mitosis

Back 14

division of the nucleus

Front 15

Cytokinesis

Back 15

division of the cytoplasm
in animal cells: cytokinesis involves formation of a cleavage furrow (pinches cell in two)

Front 16

Aster

Back 16

"stars"
microtubules extend from centrosomes in radial arrays

Front 17

Kinetochore

Back 17

a specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle
protein and DNA structure in regoin of centromere where microtubules attach
contains motor proteins

Front 18

Metaphase

Back 18

centromeres of the chromosme is aligned at the metaphase plate along with the centromeres of the other chromosomes

Front 19

Metaphase Plate

Back 19

an imaginary plane that is equidistanat between the spindle's two poles

Front 20

Anaphase

Back 20

the sister chromatids (now considered to be individual chromosomes) separate and move to opposite poles

Front 21

Telophase

Back 21

chromatin fiber of chromosome uncoils and is surrounded by re-forming nuclear membrane
nonkinetochore microtubules elongate cell more and daughter nuclei form at the two poles of the cell

Front 22

Nonkinetochore microtubules

Back 22

push poles apart by sliding past microtubules from the opposite pole

Front 23

Kinetochore Microtubules

Back 23

move chromosomes to metaphase plate and separate chromosmes as motor proteins of kinetochores "walk" toward the pole and the microtubules disassemble

Front 24

Centrosome and centrioles

Back 24

region of mitotic spindle formation