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86 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

A flexor is a skeletal muscle whose shortening moves attached bones

Towards one another

Skeletal Muscles are usually attached to bones by

Tendons

The origin is the skeletal muscle that usually attaches to the

More stationary Bone

For antagonistic muscle groups to move a limb, flexor contraction occurs coincident with the

The relaxation of the extensor

The function of transverse tubules is to

Rapidly conduct action potentials to the interior of the muscle fibers

__________ is composed of multiple globular molecules polymerized to form long chains or filaments

Actin

Most of the time, parrallel thick and thin filaments of the myofibrils are connected by

Crossbridges

Striated muscles are so called because of the repeating patterns of Dark and light bands. One repeating unit of banding pattern is called

Sarcomere

The I Band contains

Thin filaments only

The H Zone contains

Thick filaments only

The function of the titian protein is to

Stabilize the position of the contractile filaments

When a skeletal muscle generates enough force during contraction to shorten,

The Sarcomere and The I band band will shorten

Tension generated in the skeletal muscle fiber is directly proportional to the number

Of High energy cross bridges formed

When skeletal muscle cells contracts and muscle shortens,

some myosin heads are forming cross-bridges as others are releasing

In order for high force crossbrideges to form in skeletal muscle, calcium must bind to

troponin, which moves tropomyosin

Each myosin head has a binding site for

Actin and ATP

As ATP binds to the myosin head at the beginning of a muscle contraction cycle, the myosin immediately,

Detaches from Actin

The molecular event that occurs immediately of the power stroke is

release of ADP from myosin

Hydrolysis of ATP causes myosin to immediately

Rotate into a position (cocked) to bind to Actin

Which of the following would cause a rossbridge ot transition from a high force state to a low force state

Decrease in intracellular calcium

The Action potential traveling across the T-tubule is detected by

Dihydropyridimine (DHP) receptor (L-type calcium channel)

the binding of acetylcholine to its receptor at the neuromuscular junction causes the opening of the

CHANNEL FOR NA+ and K+

The contraction cycle is triggered by the rise in_______ released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum

K+ (potassium)

The relaxation of the skeletal muscle fiber relies on the activity of the_______ which decreases cytoplasmic calcium concentration.

CA2+ATPase

The brief period of time between the beginning of the action potential in the muscle and the beginning of contraction is

The latent period

__________is the backup energy that can be rapidly converted to Atp in the active skeletal muscle

Phospocreatine

During heavy excercise, the Atp requirements of active muscle, are mostly likely to be met by the metabolism of

Carbohydrates

Muscle fatigue arises primarily by the failure of

Excitation-contraction coupling

The cause of skeletal muscle fatigue during extended submaximal exercise is due primarily to

The depletion of glycogen stores.

Which of the following is a characteristic of Slow-twitch oxidative skeletal muscle

long contraction duration and high capillary density.

the speed with which force is developed by skeletal muscle is determined by

Myosin ATPAse Isoform

Within a single fiber, the tension developed during a twitch depends on the

length of sarcomeres prior to contraction

When comparing complete tetanus with imcomplete (fused) tetnus, Which is true?

complete tetanus involves development of maximum tension

A motor unit consists of

one neuron and all the skeletal muscles it controls

Motor units that control skeletal muscles involved with fine motor movements (Eye muscles or the hands), have ______ muscle fibers than motors units that control more gross movements like the gasrtocnemius muscle of the lower leg.

have fewer

Which of the following statements is not correct regarding their motor units and their activation.

A weak contractile stimulus activates the fast twitch muscle.

Which fibers generate more force

Fast-twitch

Which fibers fatigue sooner

Fast-Twitch

The nervous system avoids fatigue during sub-maximal excercise by

asynchronous movement

A contraction that generates enough force to move a load is known as_______Wherase one the generates force that equals the load is_________

Isotonic, isometric

Before the entire muscle can change lenght,the force generated by the muscle must stretch the

series elastic elements

The lever system that characterizes the interaction between bones and muscle, the bones act as________ whereas he muscle acts as the _________

Lever, fulcrums

In order for the bicep muscle to shorten, the force applied to the muscle must be _________ the load at the hand

greater than

Compared to the skeletal muscle the contraction of the smooth muscle cells is

a slower to the response stimulus and sustained without fatigue.

Smooth muscle cells lack which protien

Troponin only

Which of the following is not a property of single unit smooth muscles?

Each cell functions independent of its neighbor

This protein is activated by Ca2+ calmodulin complex to phosphorylate the myosin light chain protein

Myosin light chain kinase

The calcium release channel in the sarcoplasmic reticulm that is opened by increases in phospholipase C activity is

Inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptor channel

A change in smooth muscle cell tension in the absence of change in the electrical potential of the cell is described as

Pharmacomechanical coupling

Which of the following is not a correct comparision of cardiac myocytes to other cell muscle types

like skeletal muscle, contraction of cardiac muscle cell contraction is under autonomic nervous control

inward extensions of the muscle cell membrane

T-tubules

Highly organized bundles of contractile proteins within a skeletal muscle

Myofibril

A single muscle cell

muscle fiber

A muscle cell membrane

sarcolemma

A bundle of adjacent muscle cell

fascicle

The structures that serve as the attachment sites for thin filaments and mark the boundaries for one sarcomere

Z disk

the letter assigned to this structure stands for the german word middle, it is the attachement site for thick filaments

M-Line

The lightest of color bands of the sarcomere, contains only thin filaments

I band

The band with the most overlap between thick and thin filaments, which unevenly scatters light lead to its dark appearence

A Band

What are the three types of skeletal muscle in the human body

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. They generate force and generate motion

Groups of adjacent muscles bundled together are called_________ These bundles are surrounded by the proteins and elastin as well as________ that deliver nutrients to the muscle cell.

Fiscicles,collagen,blood vessels

The thin filament of the myofibril is composed of_______ molecules whereas_________ is the protiens that make up the thin filaments

Myosin, Actin

the T-tubular membrane contains_______ receptors that are _______ and therefore respond to action potentials. This receptor is mechanically linked to ________ adjacent receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

dihydropyridine (DHP), voltage sensing, Ryonandine or calcium release channel.

In order to contract muscles require energy in the form of______. The immediate backup energy is _________ which contains_________

ATP, phosphocreatine, creatine kinase

Calcium released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to the _______ to move _______ in order to form A________

troponin C, tropomyosin, high-force crossbridge

The heavy chain of myosin contains two important regions: the first acts as______ to convert energy into movement whereas the second binds to________

ATPase, Actin

As muscle cell undergoes eccentric contraction, the sarcomere length will_______ as A band length ___________

increase, does not change

Fatigue that occurs in response to extended sub-maximal exertion is usually due to __________. where as fatigue due to short maximal exertion is due to________

gylcogen depletion, ion imbalance

The reductions in muscle force at lengths different from optimal are a result of

a decrease in crossbridges

In fast twitch oxidative gylcolytic fibers, their rapid increases in force rely on_______ activity whereas rapid relaxation requires _______ activity

Myosin ATPase, Ca2+ATPase

Asynchronous activation of muscle units are important because it functions to

prevent muscle failure

Smooth muscle fibers can sustain a contraction without fatigue by allowing dephosphorylated myosin to remain attached to actin known as the

Latch state

In comparison to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle cells function over a__________ range muscle lengths and exhibit a speed of contraction that is _________ than skeletal muscle

wider, slower

store operated calcium channels open in response to

depleted intracellular stores of calcium

The gap junctions in cardiac muscle, are part of specialized cell junctions that are localized in

intercalated disks

In smooth muscle cells, Ca2+ binds to the _______ which activates the enzyme to_________ phosphorylate myosin and increase force.

calmoldulin, myosin light kinase

A ______ and ________ are striated muscles.s

skeletal and cardiac muscles. they are called striated because of their alternating dark and light bands.

a ________contraction describes the opening of stretch activated channels in smooth muscles in response to a distortion in smooth muscle that is commonly observed in______

smooth muscle

Endplate triggers action potentials


transverse tubules convey potentials into interior of the cell


Acetylocholine bind to the receptors on motor end plates


ca2+ is released from the endoplasmic reticulum.

3, 1,2,4

After death when the metabolism stops, which step of the contractile muscle do the muscles remain

Rigor state

The factors that determine the twitch in various types of fibers is speed of the

removal of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasm

skeletal muscles with the greatest endurance rely on

Oxidative phosporylation

the force generated by a single muscle fiber cell can be increased by

increasing frequency of action potentials

Put these myofibrils in order they would be recruited through the body as they move from a weak to strong stimulus

3,2,1

An important difference between single unit and multi-unit smooth muscle is

numerous gap junctions in single unit smooth muscle, which allow many cells to work together as a sheet.

Relative to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle

uses less energy to generate a given amount of force can sustain contractile energy without fatiguing and uses calcium from the intracellular membrane and extracellular space.