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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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process by which a single cell becomes two daughter cells |
CELL DIVISION |
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division of the nucleus |
MITOSIS |
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division of the cytoplasm |
CYTOKINESIS |
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requires breakdown and re-formation of the nuclear envelope, mechanisms to separate DNA |
CELL DIVISION |
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possess multiple linear chromosomes located inside the nucleus of the cell |
EUKARYOTIC CELLS REPRODUCE BY MITOTIC CELL DIVISION |
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- eukaryotic cells divide |
MITOSIS |
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include protists (Paramecium), fungi, plants, animals |
EUKARYOTIC CELLS |
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a________ is the portion of a chromosome that controls a specific characteristic or genetic trait |
GENE |
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made of DNA & protein |
CHROMOSOMES |
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human somatic (body) cells are |
DIPLOID |
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two complete sets of chromosomes have ________ chromosomes per set |
23 |
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human gametes (eggs & sperm) cells are |
HAPLOID |
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-each human gamete carries genes for every human trait |
(i.e. blood type, height, etc.) |
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egg and sperm fuse to form |
DIPLOID ZYGOTE |
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a chart of human chromosomes assembled in order of size |
HUMAN KARYOTYPE |
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-22 pairs autosomes - 1 pair sex chromosomes (XY in males, XX in females) - 23 pairs total |
HUMAN KARYOTYPE |
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chromosomes are identified by size and location of the ________ (constriction holding sister chromatids together) |
CENTROMERE |
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centromere a midpoint |
METACENTRIC |
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centromere off center |
SUBMETACENTRIC |
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centromere very close to end |
AROCENTRIC |
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centromere at the end (no human chromosomes are telocentric) |
TELOCENTRIC |
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__________ is DNA in its dispersed form: granular appearance |
CHROMATIN |
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________________ are DNA in its condensed form: thick, worm-like |
CHROMOSOMES |
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Nucleolus is also made of DNA; so it disappears when the DNA condenses into _____________ |
CHROMOSOMES |
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most of the cell's life is spent in _____________ |
INTERPHASE |
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mitotic (M) phase |
includes both mitosis and cytokinesis ; shortest part of the cell cycle |
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interphase can be divided into subphases: |
G1 phase , S phase, G2 phase |
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G1 phase |
The cell grows in size |
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S phase |
DNA replicates (duplicates) |
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G2 phase |
The cells prepares for division |
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the time during which the parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Includes Mitosis & Cytokinesis |
M PHASE |
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Mitosis: the division of the cell's nucleus. Consists of 4 phases. |
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
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Chromosomes condense and become visible, nuclear envelope breaks down |
PROPHASE |
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Double-stranded chromosomes line up across |
METAPHASE ~Metaphase Plate in single file line |
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Double-stranded chromosomes separate, sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell. |
ANAPHASE |
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Nuclear envelope re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes, creating two new nuclei. The chromosomes decondense back into_______. |
TELOPHASE |
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a structure made up of protiens that have assembled on different sections of DNA at each centromere |
kinetochore (another term for centromere) |
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attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes and move the chromosomes to the metaphase plate |
SPINDLE MICROTUBULES |
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division of the cell's cytoplasm - occurs late anaphase through telophase depending upon the cell type |
CYTOKINESIS |
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SUMMARY OF MITOTIC CELL DIVISION |
-one cell divides into two cells - each cell is genetically identical to the original cell - the chromosome number is the same in parent cell and daughter cells - starts with Interphase, then Mitosis and Cytokinesis |
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During _____________, a cell replicates its DNA, increases in size, and divides into two daughter cells. Each daughter cell receives one copy of the replicated parental DNA. |
BINARY FISSION |
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PROKARYOTIC CELLS REPRODUCE BY BINARY FISSION |
- cells lacking membrane bound nucleus - include only bacteria and archaebacteria - these are the simplest of all living cells - possess one single circular chromosome - there is one Origin of Replication, the location where the DNA replication begins on the chromosome - divide through binary fission (not the same as Mitosis) |
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_________ is a disease where regulation of the cell cycle goes awry and normal cell growth and behavior is lost. |
CANCER |
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work with protein, along with cyclin partners; are major control switches for the cell cycle, causing the cell to move from G1, to S or G2 to M. |
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) |
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MPF ("maturation-promoting factor") |
Is a cyclin-Cdk complex; triggers cell to enter M phase - G1 "restriction point" checkpoint is the most important - if "go," cell completes G1, S, G2, M - if "stop," cell enters nondividing G0 phase |
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is a protein that functions to block the cell cycle if the DNA is damaged. If the damage is severe this protein can cause apoptosis (cell death). |
p53 |
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levels are increased in damaged cells. This allows time to repair DNA by blocking the cell cycle. |
p53 |
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s a protein that binds to cyclin and CDK blocking entry into S phase |
p27 |
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Other factors affecting whether or not cells will begin dividing:
stops crowded cells from dividing ; cells form a single layer ; cells divide to fill a gap and then stop |
Density-dependent inhibition |
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Other factors affecting whether or not cells will begin dividing:
cells must be anchored to something before they will divide
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Anchorage dependence |
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CANCER CELLS LACK CONTROLS |
- divide beyond a single layer - no achorage dependence - no density-dependent inhibition - cancer cells may have unusual numbers of chromosomes - cancer cells displace normal tissue, impair organ function - cancer cells may be immortal: HeLa cells reproducing in culture since 1951 |
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TYPES OF CANCER TUMORS:
remains at original site |
Benign Tumor |
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TYPES OF CANCER TUMORS:
spreads to new tissues |
Malignant Tumor |
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spread of cancer cells to new locations |
Metastasis |
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END |
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