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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of Mendel's laws increase genetic variation in a species?
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The law of independent assortment
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A fertilized egg is also called a __________ ?
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zygote
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How is Meiosis II similar to Mitosis?
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chromosomes line up and sister chromatids are separated by the action of the spindle fibers.
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What stage of Meiosis could produce an error in chromosome separation?
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anaphase (called disjunction)
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How do you distinguish between the male and female gametes?
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X & Y chromosomes; only males have the Y chromosome
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Why did Mendel choose pea plants for his genetic studies?
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the pea plant can be cross pollinated, can produce many offspring, has a short cycle and was readily available.
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What is a monohybrid cross?
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a cross between 2 organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed
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What is a dyhybrid cross?
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a cross between 2 organisms that are each heterozygous for both characters being followed
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What hypothesis did Mendel's experiments disprove?
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Blending theory of inheritance. He thought color would blend and eventually go out, instead it stayed and the original colors showed back up in the second generation
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To get a 3:1 ration for a trait, the parents have to be __________.
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heterozygous
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Why was it important for Mendel to study both F1 and F2 generations in his experiments?
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Parental traits that were not observed in the F1 generation reappeared in the F2 generation, suggesting that the traits did not truly disappear in the F1 generation.
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Mendel's segregation of alleles in gametes occurs during which phase of Meiosis?
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Anaphase I of Meiosis I
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What is epistasis?
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a type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene.
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Characteristics of Huntington's Disease
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disease of the nervous system, caused by a lethal dominant allele that doesn't show until 35-45 years of age
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Characters of Sickle-Cell Anemia
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most common among African descent, caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells, in homozygous individuals all hemoglobin is abnormal, symptoms: physical weakness, pain, organ damage and even paralysis, heterozygotes who have the trait are usually healthy but may suffer symptoms
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Characteristics of Color Blindness
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X-linked, disorder caused by recessive allele on X chromosomes
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Characteristics of Down Syndrome
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also called trisomy 21, aneuploidy condition that results from 3 copies of chromosome 21, affects about 1 out of 700 children born in the US, frequency of down syndrome increases with the age of the mother.
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Review incomplete dominance and snapdragon crossing
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P generation (parent) is red and white snapdragons. In the F1 generation the 2 colors combine and create pink. During the F2 generation red and white also show up with pink. F2 generation results in a 1:2:1 ration.
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What is a centromere?
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The point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division.
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What is a chromatid?
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one copy of a duplicated chromosome
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If there are 40 chromatids in a cell, how many centromeres are there?
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20
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Prophase
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First phase of Mitosis in which chromosomes become visible and nuclear membrane disappears.
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Metaphase
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Second phase of Mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.
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Anaphase
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The third phase of Mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles.
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Telophase
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The final stage of Mitosis or Meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes.
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If you have 42 chromatids at Metaphase, how many chromosomes do you have in each of the new cells produced at the end of Mitosis?
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84 (42x2)
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What type of cells produce cell plates?
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plant
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When does the plate form in cells?
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Telophase
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Somatic cells divide by what process
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Mitosis
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What happens to cells that receive the go signal at G1 checkpoint of Interphase?
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It goes on through the cell cycle to the S phase where DNA replication occurs.
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What is a gene?
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A unit of hereditary that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristics of the offspring.
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What is a locus?
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The location of a gene or allele on a chromosome
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What is a karyotype?
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ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell.
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What would cause a cell that undergoes asexual reproduction to not produce two identical offspring?
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mutations
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What type of cells do gametes produce?
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Haploid
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