Chapter 11: Social Psychology

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Social Psychology

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The branch of psychology that attempts tounderstand how individual behavior is affected by the social environment andthe presence of other people.

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Fundamental attribution error

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thetendency to underestimate the influence of social and situation factors whenjudging why others behave the way they do.

Ex. The tendency to not look at other possibilities whensomeone behaves a certain way in one situation.

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Dispositional attribution

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when we attribute the behavior of others totheir personality traits.

Ex. To link someone's actions to their personality basedoff of an action they did in one situation.

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Situational attribution

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whenwe attribute the behavior of others to the specific social circumstances.

Ex. To link someone's actions to a situation and notassume that they behave the same way all the time.

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Sociology

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thesystematic study of human societies, attempts to answer how groups of peopleare affected by various social factors.

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Actor/Observer Effect

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greaterattention paid to the situation when explaining our own behavior and focusingon dispositional factors when explaining the behavior of others.

Ex. To be biased about situations, because individuals can only know their own situation but when others behave the same way we assume things about them that may not be true.

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Social Cognition

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the way we mentally organize information andthink about the world.

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Social Perception

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Theway in which we individually view the social environment.

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Schemas

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organizedbodies of general information and knowledge regarding persons, places, andthings.

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Attitude

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anenduring system of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies concerningpeople, objects, or ideas.

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Affective Components of Attitude

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theemotional response associated with a person, place, or idea.

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Behavioral component of an Attitude

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ourpreexisting and pre-established ideas guide our actions.

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Cognitive component of an attitude

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thelogic and rationale behind our attitudes.

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Cognitive dissonance

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Engaging in behaviors that are inconsistentwith what we believe, then a sense of psychological discomfort arises.

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Prejudice

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anegative attitude harbored y an individual toward a person based on the personsmembership in a group.

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Stereotype

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ageneralization about someone based on his or her group membership.

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Discrimination

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behavioralmanifestation of prejudice, which refers to the unfair treatment of peoplebased on their group membership.

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Racism

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or her membership in racial group.

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Sexism

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the unfair treatment of someone because oftheir gender.

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Modern Racism/Sexism

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racial/sexualprejudice that is covert or hidden until social identification is no longer athreat.

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Contact hypothesis

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levelsof prejudice are reduced as people from different groups interact with oneanother.

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Confirmation Bias

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thetendency to ignore information that disconfirms our existing stereotypes andfocus on information that supports our existing beliefs.

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Obedience

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a change in behavior by an individual thatstems from receiving a direct command from a person in position of authority.

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Proximity of the Experimenter

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participantsdisplayed higher levels of obedience if the experimenter in charge of the studywas in the same room and physically close.

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Legitimacy of the authority figure

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participantsdisplayed higher levels of obedience when they perceived the authority figureas legitimate.

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Proximity of the victim

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participants displayed higher levels ofobedience if the victim was physically or emotionally distant from them.

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Assumption of responsibility

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participants were much more obedient when theyfelt that somebody else would assume responsibility for their actions.

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Foot in the Door Approach

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Whenindividuals have previously yielded to a small request, they are significantlymore likely to yield to a larger subsequent request.

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Door in the face approach

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Feelingguilty and concede to the small request, which might have been the persons goalfrom the very beginning.

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Conformity

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Modifyinghow we act, what we do, or how we look simply because of the way the peoplearound us are behaving.

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Normative conformity

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achange in our behavior that is caused by the desire to belong to and to meetthe standards of a group.

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Social Norms

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Appropriate behavior agreed upon within a group.

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Informational Social Influence

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goingalong with the group because we assume that the group has knowledge that wepersonally lack.

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Prosocial Behavior

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any behavior intended to help or benefit another.

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Social norm of reciprocity

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helping other in a time of need increases the likelihood that they will help us in the future when we are in need.

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Theory of kin selection

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we are more likely to help blood relatives because helping them increases the likelihood that our own genes will make it to the next generation.

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Exchange model:

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the likelihood of helping others is a function of the benefits and costs of helping. Ex. If benefits are higher than cost, people are more likely to help.

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Altruism:

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Helping behavior that is not motivated by self-interest and that often incurs significant costs to the helper.

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Empathy-altruism theory:

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Our ability to experience the emotions and feelings of another is the vital ingredient that motivates people to offer assistance when the situation is highly demanding of tie, energy, or other resources.

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Diffusion of responsibility theory:

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the sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of people in the situation increases.

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Bystander effect:

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the likelihood that any one individual will step forward to offer assistance therefore also decreases with a greater number of people present in a situation who are available to help.

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Instrumental aggression:

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behaviors intended t cause harm to another person as a means of achieving a goal or to obtain something of value.

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Hostile/emotional aggression:

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Desire to cause emotional or physical pain to another person and the action also involves feelings of anger or hostility.

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Modeling:

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imitation of behavior of others. Ex. Children like to imitate the adults and their behavior.

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Social Learning Theory:

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aggression is a learned product of our environment shaped by reinforcement and punishment, as well as observing the behavior of others.

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Proximity:

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we are most likely to develop positive feelings toward people we see the most and with whom we interact the most.

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Mere Exposure effect:

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repeated exposure to a stimulus increases our attraction and positive feelings toward that stimulus.

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Familiarity:

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a sense that one knows someone else.

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Complementarity:

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we like people who are different from us if they possess qualities that we personally lack but admire.

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Reciprocal Liking:

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The idea that we are more likely to have positive feelings for those that we know have positive feelings for us.

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Halo effect:

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Tendency to believe that a person must have other positive characteristics hen we perceive they have certain positive trait.

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Passionate love:

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an intense feeling for another that has a sexual erotic content and is accompanied by physiological arousal.

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Companionate love:

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a positive feeling and attraction to someone that is characterized by feelings of trust, concern, warmth, and friendship.

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Triangular theory of love:

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7 kinds of love can be derived from the varying combination of 3 main ingredients: passion, intimacy, and commitment.

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Passion:

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sexual desire & physiological arousal.

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Intimacy:

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feelings of closeness.

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Commitment:

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investments in the future of the relationship.

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Intimacy:

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simply liking someone but with no passion or sense of commitment for the future.

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Fatuous love:

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feeling passion toward someone and being committed to that person but lacking intimacy.

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Infatuation:

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associated with strong feelings of passion for someone but with no intimacy or commitment.

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Empty love:

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simply being committed to someone but without any feeling of passion or intimacy.

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Romantic love:

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feeling strong passion for someone and feeling close o him or her but with no commitment for the future.

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Companionate love:

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the feeling and experience of intimacy and commitment toward the relationship but lacking a sense of passion.

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Consummate love:

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love that contains passion, intimacy, and commitment.

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Groupthink

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whenmembers of the group are overly concerned with maintaining group cohesiveness.

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Process loss:

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Any aspect of group interaction that leads to poor decision making.

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Interdependence:

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the behaviors of each group member influence and affect the others in a tangible way.

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Group:

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two or more people who interact and are interdependent upon one another.

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Group behavior:

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the many ways our behavior is influenced when individuals are members of a specific group.

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Social facilitation theory:

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In the presence of others, the things that we already do well, we do even better.

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Distraction-Conflict theory:

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the presence of others diverts our attention from the task at hand and ultimately results in an impaired performance.

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Evaluation apprehension theory:

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it isn't simply the presence of people that affects our performance, but the knowledge that we are being watched.

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Deindividuation:

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blending in with the crowd so that our individual behavior is less observable than normal.

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Social roles:

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shared expectations regarding how people behave when they are placed in certain positions.