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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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From what may our auditory and vestibular systems have evolved?
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The lateral line organs of fish and amphibians.
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In a the lateral line organ of a fish, the hair cells are bent by the ___ and produce ___ ___.
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In a the lateral line organ of a fish, the hair cells are bent by the cupula and produce action potentials.
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What is the function of the pinna, and what is its common name?
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The pinna, or earlobe, serves to collect sounds.
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To what does the auditory canal lead? In which section of the ear is it?
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To the tympanic membrane. The outer ear.
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What is the common name for the tympanic membrane? In what section of the ear is it?
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The eardrum. The middle ear.
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From what may our auditory and vestibular systems have evolved?
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The lateral line organs of fish and amphibians.
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In a the lateral line organ of a fish, the hair cells are bent by the ___ and produce ___ ___.
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In a the lateral line organ of a fish, the hair cells are bent by the cupula and produce action potentials.
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What is the function of the pinna, and what is its common name?
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The pinna, or earlobe, serves to collect sounds.
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To what does the auditory canal lead? In which section of the ear is it?
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To the tympanic membrane. The outer ear.
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What is the common name for the tympanic membrane? In what section of the ear is it?
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The eardrum. The middle ear.
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What do the ossicles do?
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The ossicles transfer signals from the eardrum to the oval window membrane.
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To where does the oval window membrane send signals?
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To the cochlea.
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In what manner does the cochlea produce a neuronal response? What is the name for the structure of the cochlea?
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By the movement of the fluid it contains. The organ of Corti.
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How is sound amplified between the oval window membrane and the tympanic membrane?
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The oval window membrane has a smaller surface area than the tympanic membrane.
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Where in the ear are the hair cells located?
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In the cochlea.
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What in the hair cells begin the transduction process? About how many does each cell have?
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The stereocilia. Each hair cell has about 100.
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What contains the neurons that receive signals from the stereocilia?
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The spiral ganglion.
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On what condition of the stereocilia does the hair cell's membrane potential depend?
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The direction of their movement.
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Does the fluid in or around the hair cells have a high concentration of K+?
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The external fluid.
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What type of channels open on the cilia when they bend? What ion enters and causes depolarization?
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Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP).
Potassium. |
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Which ion enters the hair cell after depolarization? What does this ion stimulate?
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Ca++ enters and stimulates the release of neurotransmitter (probably glutamate) onto the dendrites of the spiral ganglion.
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What is the name for a drug's hearing loss-producing quality?
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Ototoxicity.
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Furosemide (diuretic) and gentamicin (an antibiotic) have what effect on hearing?
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Synergistic ototoxicity.
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What is hearing's pathway to the CNS?
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Inner ear -> brainstem -> medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus -> primary auditory cortex
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In which three places does feedback happen in the auditory pathway?
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1) From the brainstem to the outer hair cells
2) from the auditory cortex to the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus 3) from the auditory cortex to the inferior colliculus |
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What is characteristic frequency?
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The most responsive frequency measured in the spiral ganglion cell.
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On which two things does perceived intensity of sound depend?
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1) The rate of ganglion cells firing
2) The number of ganglion cells firing |
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Where does tonotopy take place and how is it organized?
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In the cochlear nucleus in the medulla, with the highest characteristic frequency located in the posterior part of the nucleus, decreasing toward the anterior end.
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___ ___ ___ helps one's brain determine from which direction a sound comes by measuring which ear receives data first. Which part of the brain detects this?
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Interaural time delay, the brain stem
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What can impair (specifically) vertical localization of hearing?
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The covering of the pinna's convolutions.
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Does unilateral damage of the auditory cortex or the same for the visual cortex have a larger impact on its respective sense?
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Visual
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Where is the vestibular system based?
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In the vestibular labyrinth of the inner ear.
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For what is the vestibular system used?
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For bodily equilibrium, balance, sense of head position, and coordination of the head and eyes.
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Near which ganglion do vestibular nerves have their cell bodies?
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Scarpa's ganglion.
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Along which nerve do otolith organs and semicircular canals send signals to the vestibular nerves?
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Cranial nerve VIII.
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What sort of information does the otolith send?
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Information about head tilt and acceleration.
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What sort of information do the semicircular canals of the ear send?
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Information relating to head rotation, shaking, and nodding.
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Where do vestibular axons send information?
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To the vestibular nucleus and other parts of the brainstem, the cerebellum, the spinal cord, and the thalamus.
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Where does the thalamus send information it receives from the vestibular axons?
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To the somatosensory and motor areas of the cortex.
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What is the vestibular-ocular reflex?
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The reflex that moves your eyes in the opposite direction as that of your head to keep one's eyes fixed on a visual target.
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What sort of drugs can be used to treat motion sickness?
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Muscarinic blockers such as scopolamine (related to atropine) and antihistamines like dramamine and Benadryl.
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