Chapter 11 - Muscular System

Front 1

- a fibrous band that extends from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis. Is formed by sheath like tendons (aponeuroses) of some abdominal muscles.

Back 1

Linea alba

Front 2

- can be caused by injury to levator ani muscle during difficult childbirth or an episiotomy. (Kegel exercises strengthen muscles supporting pelvic organs to treat this.)

Back 2

Urinary stress incontinence

Front 3

- inflammation and pain in supraspinatus tendon due to repetitive movements of arm over the head.

Back 3

Impingement syndrome

Front 4

- can be caused by other factors, but can be caused by strain of erector spinae muscles due to improper lifting (not bending at knee).

Back 4

Back injuries

Front 5

- strain or partial tear of hamstring muscles. Biceps femoris is the one most commonly torn.

Back 5

Pulled hamstrings

Front 6

- can be caused by tendonitis, esp. of tibialis anterior.

Back 6

Shin splint syndrome

Front 7

parallel to midline

Back 7

Rectus

Front 8

perpendicular to midline

Back 8

Transverse

Front 9

Oblique

Back 9

diagonal to midline

Hint 9

External oblique

Front 10

Maximus

Back 10

Largest

Hint 10

Gluteous Maximus

Front 11

Medius

Back 11

Intermediate

Hint 11

Gluteous Medius

Front 12

Minimus

Back 12

Smallest

Front 13

Longus

Back 13

Long

Front 14

Brevis

Back 14

Short

Front 15

Latissimus

Back 15

Widest

Front 16

Longissimus

Back 16

Longest

Front 17

Magnus

Back 17

Large

Front 18

Major

Back 18

Larger

Front 19

Minor

Back 19

Smaller

Front 20

Vastus

Back 20

Huge

Front 21

Deltoid

Back 21

Triangular

Front 22

Trapezius

Back 22

Trapezoid

Front 23

Serratus

Back 23

Saw-toothed

Front 24

Thomboid

Back 24

Diamond-shaped

Front 25

Orbicularis

Back 25

Circular

Front 26

Pectinate

Back 26

Comblike

Front 27

Piriformis

Back 27

Pear shaped

Front 28

Platys

Back 28

Flat

Front 29

Quadratus

Back 29

Square, four sided

Front 30

Gracillis

Back 30

Slender

Front 31

Flexor

Back 31

decreases a joint angle

Front 32

Extensor

Back 32

Increased a joint angle

Front 33

Abductor

Back 33

moves a bone away from the midline

Front 34

Adductor

Back 34

moves a bone closer to the midline

Front 35

Levator

Back 35

raises or elevates a body part

Front 36

Depressor

Back 36

lowers or depresses a body part

Front 37

Supinator

Back 37

turns palm anteriorly

Front 38

Pronator

Back 38

turn palm posteriorly

Front 39

Sphincter

Back 39

decreases the size of an opening

Front 40

Tensor

Back 40

makes a body part rigid

Front 41

rotator

Back 41

rotates a bone around its longitudinal axsis

Front 42

bicepts

Back 42

two origins

Front 43

tricepts

Back 43

three origins

Front 44

quadricepts

Back 44

four origins

Front 45

- fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers) run in the same direction as the longitudinal axis of the muscle and terminate at ends of the muscle in flat tendons. These produce less strength of contractions but produce a greater ROM.

Back 45

Parallel

Front 46

- fascicles are nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis but muscle tapers toward the ends.

Back 46

Fusiform

Front 47

- fascicles are arranged in concentric rings to form a sphincter that surrounds an orifice.

Back 47

Circular

Front 48

- fascicles are short and the tendons extend through most of the muscle’s length. It is the strongest muscle because it has more fascicles attaching to this tendon. But these fascicles tend to be shorter and this produces less ROM .

Back 48

Pennate

Front 49

- fascicles are arranged along only one side of a tendon.

Back 49

Unipennate

Front 50

- fascicles are arranged on both sides of one central tendon.

Back 50

Bipennate

Front 51

fascicles are attached from many different directions to several tendons.

Back 51

Multipennate

Front 52

- fascicles are spread over a broad area and converge at a thick central tendon.

Back 52

Triangular

Front 53

- a muscle that causes a desired action (E.g. biceps brachii in flexion of forearm)

Back 53

Prime mover (agonist)

Front 54

- a muscle that is relaxing during the desired action (E.g. triceps brachii in flexion)

Back 54

Antagonist

Front 55

- serves to steady a movement at intermediate joints to help the prime mover work more efficiently.

Back 55

Synergist

Front 56

- stabilizes (fixates) the origin of the prime mover.

Back 56

Fixator

Front 57

Running injuries:

Back 57

The knee is the most common site of serious injury for runners

Front 58

Running injuries: Treatment

Back 58

RICE for 2-3 days
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation

Front 59

Compartment syndrome:
Causes

Back 59

- crushing or penetrating injury, contusion, damaged blood vessels, muscle strain, and over stretching of a compartment (group of muscles).

Front 60

Compartment syndrome:
Symptoms

Back 60

- hemorrhage and edema can accumulate fluid which builds up pressure that can cut off blood flow to nearby muscles causing pain, paralysis or death of tissue. It is sometimes treated by surgically opening the compartment (fasciotomy).