Chapter 11 Endocrine System Bio 421

Front 1

__________-hormone induces more of its own receptors in target cells
A good example is insulin

Back 1

Upregulation

Front 2

__________- often due to chronic conditions-
Ex chronic high blood glucose, will have chronic high insulin
Eventually will develop "target tissue resistance"

Exposed to high levels of a hormone on a chronic basis, will develop a resistance (no advantage to this, someone with some sort of disorder)

Back 2

Desensitization

Front 3

_________ - Eat a good meal, blood glucose levels rise, insulin is released, the more insulin released the more receptors that are incorporated into the membrane for that insulin
Initially a positive feedback loop at least initially

Eventually glucose levels will fall, as it is taken into cells for energy as the levels fall the insulin levels will fall too

Back 3

Upregulation

Front 4

Priming effect/________

Back 4

Upregulation

Front 5

Desensitization/_______

Back 5

Down regulation

Front 6

Many of our hormones are ______/_______ based.

Back 6

peptide/protein

Front 7

As a rule ___ are not able to penetrate the cell membrane.

Back 7

peptides

Front 8

___ - protein hormone will bind to a receptor and bind to a g protein
And when activated will do something (trigger a cellular response) : trigger enzyme reactions, open a protein channel

Back 8

2nd messenger system

Front 9

____ do not enter the cell, they must bind to some kind of membrane receptor and must trigger a cellular response via a 2nd messenger system by either activating a ____ or a ____

Back 9

peptide hormones
g protein
tyrosine kinase

Front 10

Instead of g protein, a ____ - still 2nd messenger, still a response

Back 10

tyrosine kinase

Front 11

____ is a much slower process - take several days, or months

Use ____ for long term maintenance

Back 11

Steroid Hormones

Front 12

____ - quick cellular response, seconds to minutes

Back 12

Peptides

Front 13

____ - (travel through bloodstream) like peptides can often enter the cell without benefit of a membrane receptor

Back 13

Steroid Hormones

Front 14

Steroid Hormone Steps

Back 14

Once in cytoplasm, they must bind to a cytoplasmic receptor
No 2nd messenger system with steriods
Once bound by a cytoplasmic receptor, that SH can enter the nucleus, bind to the DNA and
that will produce the cell response, (trigger the production of a new protein)

Front 15

pre-pro-insulin -> ____ -> ____

Back 15

pro-insulin
insulin

Front 16

Protein hormones often undergo modifications,
Either in ____ in ____ or after

Back 16

secretory packaging
vesicles

Front 17

Anytime you see pre-… or pre-pro-… = non active/inactive form of protein hormone
Only active without any _____

Back 17

prefixes

Front 18

Often cleave off a section and it becomes ____
Typically the piece being chopped off, not only allows it to be inactive, but seems to increase _____ makes it more _____.

Back 18

active
"shelf life"
stable

Front 19

_____- 4 ringed structure
All derived from the molecule cholesterol

Back 19

Steroids

Front 20

____- Long term maintenance hormones (long process)
Reproductive structures
Triggers puberty

Back 20

Steroids

Front 21

Need hormonal control over heart - need to be a ____ hormone,
Need to be sitting one minute and treadmill the next, need to adjust quickly
Not take months to do it

Also blood glucose, get hungry every day, multiple times a day need to constantly maintain on a hourly etc basis

Back 21

Protein

Front 22

1. Most hormones have ____ ____ tissues.
2. Most biological processes are influenced by ____ hormones.

Back 22

multiple target
multiple

Front 23

Thyroid hormone in general is a metabolism _____

Back 23

increaser

Front 24

(Epinephrine - bound to same receptors as norepinephrine - beta and alpha receptors)

(If both are activated at the same together the sum is greater than the ___)

Two or more hormones can act on a single process to _____ the effect.

Back 24

parts
increase

Front 25

Can have two hormones that have _____ affects - push it in _____ directions

Back 25

antagonistic
opposite

Front 26

Hormone _____ - an example of a positive feedback protein hormone, released in response to a full term labor, triggers uterine contractions - both continue to go higher and higher

Back 26

oxytocin

Front 27

Dotted line shows when things working normally a ____ _____ system to lower glucose levels back to normal
Almost all hormones act in a _____ _____ cycle/capacity to push that parameter/cell response into the normal range

Back 27

negative feedback
negative feedback

Front 28

_____ is the controller of the anterior pituitary gland

Back 28

Hypothalamus

Front 29

The _____ produces and secretes several hormones if directed by the hypothalamus.

The _____ makes a list, make these and I will tell you when to release them

Back 29

anterior pituitary

hypothalamus

Front 30

The _____ does not synthesize, just receives from the hypothalamus, basically just a storage site. These hormones will be released but not necessarily directed by the hypothalamus.

Back 30

posterior pituitary

Front 31

_____ has a direct nervous connection to the posterior lobe

Back 31

hypothalamus

Front 32

typical 3 hormone sequence

Back 32

Hypothalamus - receives a stimulus

H released a hormone, and tells anterior to release a hormone

And a 3rd endocrine gland will release a hormone

Finally lands in right spot and a cellular response is started

Front 33

____ - target tissue is the adrenal cortex, the outer layer of the adrenal gland, causes the adrenal cortex to release its hormone.

Back 33

ACTH

Front 34

Blood vessel pathway is the hypothalamic ____ ____ system

Back 34

pituitary portal

Front 35

_____ - land on the thyroid gland and trigger thyroid hormone production, ultimately triggers an increase in metabolism but a couple steps removed

Back 35

TSH

Front 36

____ - typically at very low levels, target tissue in females is mammary glands, trigger gland development and milk production, start to see it somewhere in the 2nd trimester and continue to stay elevated as long as she is producing milk.
Males - very low levels, not very clear what it does, in fish think to ____.

Back 36

Prolactin
osmoregulate

Front 37

____ - generic name for a multitude of hormones, triggers growth and increase in metabolism, especially in children/ before they have reached adult size.
Acts ____

Back 37

Growth Hormone
permissively

Front 38

____ - Increasing skeletal bone production, increasing muscle cell production, growth and development and metabolic synthesis in multiple organs and tissues

Back 38

Growth Hormone

Front 39

6 hormones that Ant. Pit. Produces,

All ____ based hormones

None are going to be released unless they get a signal from the ____

Back 39

FSH, LH, Growth Hormone, TSH, Prolactin, ACTH
Protein
hypothalamus

Front 40

___ & ___ - both of these target tissues are reproductive organs
In males ___ will land on the testes and trigger sperm production.
___ will land on the testes and trigger testosterone production.

In females ___ will land on the ovaries and trigger egg production.
___ will land on the ovaries and trigger estrogen/estrodiol production.

Back 40

FSH & LH
FSH, LH
FSH, LH

Front 41

In males oncee past puberty etc, ___ and ___ stays at fairly constant levels, testosterone stays at same level, until death or repro problems

In females different, ___ and ___ have specific spikes/increases and then drop down to very minimal levels, both cycle until it runs out - ___

Back 41

FSH & LH
FSH & LH
menopause

Front 42

RH = ___

Back 42

releasing hormone

Front 43

____, Stimulate Growth hormone release from the anterior pituitary

Back 43

GHRH

Front 44

___ = ____
Inhibit growth hormone, as we reach our adult size and need less growth hormone this increases
(Does not increase to the point of decreasing metabolism, unless you have a disorder)

Back 44

ss- somatostatin

Front 45

TRH - ___

Back 45

Thyroid Releasing Hormore

Front 46

TSH - ____

Back 46

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Front 47

___ ____ disorder is very common

Back 47

Thyroid releasing

Front 48

___ - typically only present if a female is getting ready or producing milk
Most of the time it is inhibited by DA, Dopamine
But there is a PRH, ____ ____ ____ on that occasion it needs to be released

Back 48

prolactin
prolactin releasing hormone

Front 49

CRH - ____ ____ ____

Back 49

corticoid releasing hormone

Front 50

____, Starts increasing at puberty and helps trigger puberty

Back 50

GnRH

Front 51

____ - stimulates adrenal cortex gland

Back 51

ACTH

Front 52

____, In females rises and falls in cyclical pattern once puberty hits, eventually ovaries run out of follicles, and the hormones go higher and higher to try to force an egg to release.

Back 52

GnRH

Front 53

Hypothalamus Hormones

Back 53

GnRH, GHRH, SS, TRH, DA, CRH

Front 54

____ -> FSH & LH
____ or ____ -> Growth Hormone
____ -> TSH
____ -> Prolactin
____ -> ACTH

Back 54

GnRH
GHRH, SS
TRH
DA
CRH

Front 55

____ ____ - increase of adrenal secretions -
Increase of aldosterone and cortisol
More glucose -
Higher BP, because "holding onto everything", but not increased energy
More susceptible to swelling, fluid buildup in the lungs, have this extra volume
That they cannot get rid of

Back 55

Cushings disease

Front 56

____ ____ - is where adrenal gland disfunction that have decreased amount of adrenal hormones, low aldosterone and low cortisol
Suffers have lower levels of blood glucose, salt-water imbalance problems
Aldosterone helps me hold onto sodium and therefore hold onto water, so low levels have a tendency to increase urine output and therefore have lower blood volume and therefore
Have decreased blood pressure so more tired and less energy
Fairly well controlled because whenever there are decreased levels, simply give them some more

Back 56

Addisons disease

Front 57

____ ____
Secretes epinephrine, acts similarly to norepinephrine
Increase activity in times of stress, elicit that flight or fight response, muscle interaction/innervation

2 distinct cell types

Back 57

Inner medulla

Front 58

____ - steroid hormone
Often referred to as a stress hormone, emotional stress, physical stress/injury
Main function to help me use glucose more efficiently

(in times of stress increased cortisol levels increase the amount of blood glucose, but extended periods of increased blood glucose is not good)

Back 58

cortisol

Front 59

____ ____
Releases Aldosterone - ____ hormone

Back 59

outer cortex
steroid

Front 60

____- primarily responsibly for sodium and potassium balance extracellulary
Sodium reabsorption and does potassium secretion(leaving the body)

Back 60

Aldosterone

Front 61

*Rule - wherever sodium goes ____ follows

(body is trying to maintain ____ balance by moving sodium and the ____ is following osmotically)

Back 61

water
water
water

Front 62

____ ____ produce hormones that have multiple targets and are
metabolic increasers

Back 62

thyroid gland

Front 63

____ ____ - little tiny paired glands
Synth and secrete pth
Triggered to be released by low level of calcium in the blood (monitoring blood calcium levels)

Back 63

Parathyroid gland

Front 64

1,25 … A type of ____
Most calcium supplements have calcium plus ____
Vit D helps trigger increased calcium absorption by the intestine

(3rd leg, intestine help to pull out as much calcium as possible)

Back 64

vitamin D

Front 65

____ does several things in response to low levels of calcium in the blood

Increased resorption (stealing calcium from the bone, and putting in the blood)
If pth is present, allow the kidneys to increase reabsorption - pull the calcium back in the body and less calcium in the urine
Between less calcium dumping and stealing calcium from the bone, should be able to raise the blood calcium levels to "normal"

Back 65

Pth

Front 66

____ - from c cells of the thyroid gland

Triggered to release when blood calcium levels are high

Same 2 target tissues, bone and kidney
Increased plasma calcium will
Decrease bone resorption and
Decrease calcium reabsorption by the kidneys (let it go in the urine)

Back 66

calcitonin

Front 67

____ ____- calcium stealer

Back 67

Parathyroid hormone

Front 68

____ - help to put calcium into the bone, increasing bone mass
Other helpers: insulin, growth hormone, estrogen and testosterone
(Females as they age lose estrogen, more likely to develop ____)

Back 68

Calcitonin
osteoporosis

Front 69

____ hormones for calcium levels in blood

Back 69

Antagonistic

Front 70

____- steal calcium

Back 70

osteoclasts

Front 71

____ - build bone, help calcium deposit onto bone and strengthen it

Back 71

Osteoblasts

Front 72

____- particularly influential in fetal growth
Preferentially absorb glucose from mom

Back 72

Insulin

Front 73

Even though growth hormone levels decrease at adulthood but

____ remain constant

Back 73

Growth factors

Front 74

____ and ____ affect growth

Back 74

Testosterone and estrogen

Front 75

Lots of hormones have ____ hormones to keep things in balance

Back 75

antagonistic

Front 76

____ ____ from the ____ ____
Target tissue is bone, muscles, lots of tissues, higher in conc. as a child versus grown adult

Back 76

Growth hormone
anterior pituitary

Front 77

Bones will grow in length during childhood, but at or near puberty they will stop growing
There is a ____ ____ that will close or seal, this prevents growth hormone from triggering any further growth. Literally seal up and get rid of ____ ____ ____

Back 77

growth plate
growth hormone receptors

Front 78

____ - bulging eyes, increased heart rate and increased bp - can lead to an increased intraocular pressure (increased fluid buildup in the eyes)

Back 78

Hyperthyroidism

Front 79

____ - could remove a portion of the thyroid gland, or the whole gland or give you radioactive iodine (milkshake!) - no other place in the body to use iodine so it preferentially go there and radiates it

Back 79

Hyperthyroidism

Front 80

____ is easily fixed - synthetic thyroid - synthyroid

Back 80

Hypothyroidism

Front 81

____ ____ from the ____ ____
Target tissue is bone, muscles, lots of tissues, higher in conc. as a child versus grown adult

Back 81

Growth hormone
anterior pituitary

Front 82

Bones will grow in length during childhood, but at or near puberty they will stop growing
There is a ____ ____ that will close or seal, this prevents growth hormone from triggering any further growth. Literally seal up and get rid of ____ ____ ____

Back 82

growth plate
growth hormone receptors

Front 83

____ - bulging eyes, increased heart rate and increased bp - can lead to an increased intraocular pressure (increased fluid buildup in the eyes)

Back 83

Hyperthyroidism

Front 84

____ - could remove a portion of the thyroid gland, or the whole gland or give you radioactive iodine (milkshake!) - no other place in the body to use iodine so it preferentially go there and radiates it

Back 84

Hyperthyroidism

Front 85

____ is easily fixed - synthetic thyroid - synthyroid

Back 85

Hypothyroidism

Front 86

Englarged ____ = guiter, need stick to walk

____ due to low iodine levels

Primary issue because thyroid gland is not working right (because no iodine present in diet)

Back 86

thyroid
Hypothyroidism

Front 87

Thyroid hormone is a ____ ____

Thyroid disorders are relatively common!
We have iodine in salt but in 3rd world countries there is not this so are not able to produce the ____ and ____

Back 87

metabolic increaser
t3
t4

Front 88

Tsh is triggered to be released by _____

Back 88

TRH

Front 89

No ____ = thryroid hormone is not being produced
Low ____, ____ = low metabolic hormone

Symptoms = (5)

Back 89

iodine
t3, t4
tired, low energy, low heart rate, low metabolic rate, overweight

Front 90

Every single hormone in the anterior pituitary hormone is ____
____ _____= when it lands on its target tissue it causes it to increase in size over time or enlarge its target tissue

Back 90

trophic
trophic hormone

Front 91

High levels of ____ (and ____) over time is triggering thyroid gland to get bigger and bigger over time.

Back 91

tsh (trh)

Front 92

Can have hyperthyroidism or hypo w/o the ____
Seems to have a genetic component
More common in ____
Mom could have hyper and you get hypo - generally a thyroid disfunction Could ____ ____ and ____ hypo when young and hyper when old …

Back 92

antibodies
females
swing
back
forth

Front 93

____ ____ = inherited (senior bushes have this george and laura)
Also causes a guiter (thyroid gland enlargement)
But not due to lack of iodine

Back 93

graves disease

Front 94

graves symptoms

Back 94

have guiter, but increased metabolic rate, increased heart rate, do not want to sleep, anxious, tend to lose weight

Front 95

graves - ____ ____ - land on the thyroid gland, their target tissue, land on the tsh receptors and trigger the thryoid to crank out t3 and t4

Back 95

thyroid antibodies

Front 96

____ - interior is a semifluid gel stuff called a colloid
Where stuff is synthesized

Back 96

follicles

Front 97

Lining the interior of the follicle is ____ ____
Take up the thyroid hormone that was produced in the follicle

Back 97

follicular cells

Front 98

Exterior cells are w/in thyroid gland but outside the ____
____ produce another protein based hormone - calcitonin
Calcitonin helps us maintain blood calcium levels
Its ____ hormone is parathryoid hormone (PTH)

Back 98

follicle
c-cells
antagonistic

Front 99

____ ____, have my response now will turn it off

Back 99

negative feedback

Front 100

Connection between endocrine and nervous system - can see it with ____

Back 100

epinephrine

Front 101

the organ secreting the hormone, that’s causing the problem then that’s a ____.

Back 101

primary problem

Front 102

Therefore is a ____, the dysfunctional organ is not directly causing symptoms

Back 102

secondary problem

Front 103

choices are primary and secondary, no such thing as a ____

Back 103

tertiary problem

Front 104

big 3 step endocrine process -

Back 104

Hypothalamus - CRH
Anterior Pituitary - ACTH
Adrenal Cortex - Cortisol

Front 105

Low levels are due to ____,
High levels is the next ____ ____ is not functioning properly.

Back 105

negative feedback
endocrine gland
"down"

Front 106

Follicular Sequence Question

Back 106

One follicular cell
Colloid on inside and blood vessel on the outside
Sequence of events question!
In order to produce thyroid hormone need iodide (get from salt)
Take iodide and transport it into the cell, cotransported with sodium to maintain balance
Iodide is then transported into the colloid/center, just a diffusion process - down a concentration gradient
TG (thyrogobulin) an antibody, helps stabilize thryoid molecule as its made in the colloid, sequestering it in a non-active form
Transport thryogobulin into the colloid
Sit in the colloid, Iodide is attached to thyroid hormone in 1 of 2 ways (2 forms of thyroid hormone)
T3 or t4 with 3 or 4 iodides attached, t4 is produced in much larger amounts, t4 is an inactive form
While t3 is active
Attach iodide to the tyrosine, either 3 or 4 and attach these to the thyrogobulin
At this point endocytosis, can sequester the newly formed t3 or t4 attached to the thyrogobulin in vesicles
Wait on trigger, tsh coming from the pituitary
When tsh lands on the follicular cell it triggers the release of t3 and t4
Have to disengage from the thyrogobulin, disengage and release into the bloodstream
T3 is active and t4 is inactive until it binds to specific receptor cell

Front 107

Posterior Pituitary Hormones
(stores does not produce)

Back 107

Oxytocin
Vasopressin (ADH)

Front 108

Adrenal Cortex Hormones -

Back 108

Cortisol
Androgen
Aldosterone

Front 109

Adrenal Medulla Hormones -

Back 109

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine