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207 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Artery
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Largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body.
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endothelium
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Innermost lining of blood vessels
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aorta
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largest artery in the body
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arteriole
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small artery
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atrioventricular bundle
(bundle of His) |
specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them. his is pronounced as "hiss."
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atrioventricular node (AV node)
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Specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. Electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker (SA node) through the AV node and the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His toward the ventricles.
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atrium (plural: atria)
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one of two upper chambers of the heart.
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capillary
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Smallest blood vessel. Materials pass to and from the bloodstream through the thin capillary walls.
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carbon dioxide (CO2)
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Gas (waste) released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation.
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coronary arteries
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Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.
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coronary arteries
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Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.
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deoxygenated blood
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Blood that is oxygen-poor
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diastole
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Relaxation phase of the heartbeat. From the Greek diastole, dilation.
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electrocardiogram
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Record of the electricity flowing through the heart. The electricity is represented by waves or deflections called P, QRS, or T.
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endocardium
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Inner lining of the heart
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mitral valve
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Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve.
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murmur
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Abnormal heart sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves.
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myocardium
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Muscular, middle layer of the heart.
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Normal sinus rhythm
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Heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a resting rate of 60 to 100 beats per minute.
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oxygen
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Gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells.
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pacemaker (sinoatrial node)
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Specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat. an artificial cardiac pacemaker is an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning.
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pericardium
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Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.
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pulmonary artery
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Artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs.
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pulmonary circulation
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Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
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pulmonary valve
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Valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
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pulmonary vein
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One of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
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septum (plural: septa)
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Partition or wall dividing a cavity; such as between the right and left atria (interatrial septum) and right and left ventricles (interventricular septum)
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sinoatrial node (SA node)
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Pacemaker of the heart.
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sphygmomanometer
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Instrument to measure blood pressure.
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Systemic circulation
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Flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues.
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systole
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Contraction phase of the heartbeat. From the Greek systole, a contracting.
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tricuspid valve
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Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; it has three (tri-) leaflets, or cusps.
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Valve
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Structure in veins or in the heart that temporariy closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction.
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vena cava
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largest vein in the body. the superior and interior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of the heart.
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ventricle
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One of two lower chambers of the heart.
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venule
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small vein
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angi/o
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vessel
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aort/o
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aorta
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arter/o, arteri/o
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artery
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ather/o
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yellowish plaque, fatty substance
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atri/o
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atrium, upper heart chamber
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brachi/o
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arm
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cardi/o
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heart
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cholesterol/o
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cholesterol (a lipid substance)
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coron/o
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heart
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cyan/o
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blue
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myx/o
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mucus
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ox/o
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oxygen
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pericardi/o
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pericardium
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phleb/o
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vein
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sphygm/o
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pulse
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steth/o
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chest
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thromb/o
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clot
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valvul/o, valv/o
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valve
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vas/o
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vessel
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ven/o, ven/i
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vein
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ventricul/o
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ventricle, lower heart chamber
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arrhythmias
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Abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias) - problems with the electrical system of the heart.
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bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)
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Failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
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flutter
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Rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria.
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fibrillation
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Rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the atria and ventricles (350 beats or more per minute)
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Ventricular fibrillation (VF)
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Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles. This life-threatening situation may result in sudden cardiac death or cardiac arrest.
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implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
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Small electrical device that is implanted inside the chest )near the collarbone) to sense arrhythmias and terminate the with an electrical shock.
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Automatic external defibrillators (RFA)
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Using radiofrequency energy delivered from the tip of a catheter inserted through a blood vessel and into the heart, it destroys tissue that causes arrhythmias.
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Coarcation of the aorta
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narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta
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Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
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A duct (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which normally closes soon after birth, remains open.
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septal defects
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Small holes in the septa between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects)
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tetralogy of Fallot
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A congenital malformation of the heart involving four (tetra-) distinct defects.
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congestive heart failure (CHF)
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The heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood (more blood enters the heart from the veins that leaves through the arteries.
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coronary artery disease (CAD)
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Disease of the arteries surrounding the heart.
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atherosclerosis
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This is the deposition of fatty compounds on the inner lining of the coronary arteries.
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Thrombotic occlusion
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Blocking of the coronary artery by a clot
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necrosis
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death
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myocardial infarction
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heart attack, and the area of dead myocardial tissue is known as infarct.
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Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)
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Are conditions caused by myocardial ischemia
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unstable angina
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chest pain at rest or chest pain of increasing frequency
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nitroglycerin
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a nitrate; powerful vasodilator that increases coronary blood flow and lowers blood pressure to decrease the work of the heart.
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endocarditis
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inflammation of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria (bacterial endocarditis)
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hypertensive heart disease
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high blood pressure affecting the heart.
results from narrowing of arterioles, which leads to increased pressure in arteries. |
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mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
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Improper closure of the mitral valve. This condition occurs because the mitral valve enlarges and prolapses into the left atrium during systole.
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pericarditis
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Inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart. Bacteria and viruses cause the condition, or the etiology may be idiopathic.
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rheumatic heart disease
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heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
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aneurysym
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local widening (dilation) of an arterial wall.
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deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
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A blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb.
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hypertension (HTN)
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High blood pressure
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peripheral vascular disease
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Blockage of blood vessels outside the heart.
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Raynaud disease
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Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes. Similar condition of arterial insufficiency but secondary to arterial narrowing from other conditions, such as atherosclerosis.
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varicose veins
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abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occuring in the legs. Hemmorrhoids are varicose veins hear the anus.
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angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
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Anti-hypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and thus dilates blood vessels. It prevents heart attacks, CHF, stroke, and death.
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auscultation
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Listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope.
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biventricular pacemaker
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Device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out of the heart.
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bruit
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an abnormal blowing or swishing sound heart during auscultation of an artery or organ.
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calcium channel blockers
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Drugs used to treat angina and hypertension. they dilate blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels.
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cardiac arrest
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Sudden, unexpected stopping of heart action; sudden cardiac death.
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cardiac tamponade
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Pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space.
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claudication
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Pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest.
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digoxin
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a drug that treats arrhythmias and stengthens the heartbeat.
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embolus (pl. emboli)
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A clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessels.
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Infarction
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Area of dead tissue
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occlusion
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closure of a blood vessel
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palpitations
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Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
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patent
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open
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pericardial friction rub
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Scraping or grafting noise heard on auscultation of the heart; suggestive of pericarditis
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petechiae
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Small, pinpoint hemorrhages
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statins
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Drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream.
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Thrill
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Vibration felt on touching the body over an area of turmoil in blood flow (as a blocked artery)
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vegetations
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Clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on the endocardium in conditions such as bacterial endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease.
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BNP Test
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Measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood.
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lipid tests (lipid profile)
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Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample.
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lipoprotein electrophoresis
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Lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated in a blood sample.
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serum enzyme tests
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Chemicals measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack.
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angiography
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X-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material.
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computerized tomography angiography (CTA)
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Three-dimensional x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography (CT) (64-slice CT scanner)
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digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
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Video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels.
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electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)
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Electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around the coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD.
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Doppler ultrasound studies
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Sound waves measure movement of blood flow
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echocardiography (ECHO)
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Echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart.
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positron emission tomography (PET)
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Images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive substances.
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Technetium Tc 99m
sestamibi scan |
Is injected intravenously is taken up in cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning.
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Thallium 201 scan
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concentration of a radioactive substance is measured in the myocardium
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cardiac MRI
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Images of the heart are produced with magnetic waves
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cardiac catheterization
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a thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery
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electrocardiography (ECG)
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Recording of electricity flowing through the heart.
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holter monitoring
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an ECG device is worn during a 24 hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias
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stress test
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Exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart's response to physical exertion (stress).
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cardioversion (defibrillation)
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Very brief discharges of electricity, applied across the chest to stop arrhythmias.
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Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
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Arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages.
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endarterectomy
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surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery.
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extracorporeal circulation
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A heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired.
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heart transplantation
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A donor heart is transferred to a recipient.
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percutaneous coronary intervetntion (PCI)
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a balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place.
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thrombolytic therapy
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Drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis.
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AAA
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abdominal aortic aneurystm
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ACE inhibitor
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angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
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ACLS
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advanced cardiac life support; cpr plus drugs and defribillation
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ACS
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acute coronary syndrome
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ADP
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adenosine diphosphate; ADP blockers are used to prevent cardiovascular related death, heart attack, and strokes and after all stent procedure.
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AED
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automatic external defibrillator
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AF, a-fib
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atrial fibrillation
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AICD
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automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
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AMI
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Acute myocardial infarction
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ARVD
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arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
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AS
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aortic stenosis
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ASD
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atrial septal defect
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AV, A-V
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atrioventricular
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AVR
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aortic valve replacement
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BBB
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bundle branch block
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BNP
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Brain natriuretic peptide; elevated in congestive heart failure
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BP
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blood pressure
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CABG
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coronary artery bypass grafting
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CAD
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Coronary artery disease
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CCU
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coronary care unit
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Cath
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catheterization
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CHF
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congestive heart failure
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CK
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creatin kinase; released into the bloodstream after injury to heart or skeletal muscles
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COA
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coarctation of the aorta
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CPR
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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CRT
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cardiac resynchronization therapy; biventricular pacing
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CTNI or cTnI
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cardian troponin I; troponin is a protein released into the bloodstream after myocardial injury.
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CTNT or cTnT
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cardiac troponin T
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CV
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cardiovascular
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DES
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drug-eluting stent
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DSA
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digital subtraction angiography
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DVT
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deep vein thrombosis
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ECMO
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extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
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ECG
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electrocardiography
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EF
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ejection fraction; measure of the amount of blood that pumps out of the heart with each beat
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EPS
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electrophysiology study; electrode catheters are inserted into veins and threaded into the heart and electrical conduction is measured.
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ETT
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exercise tolerance test
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ETT-
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MIBI exercise tolerance test combined with a radioactive tracer (sestamibi ) scan
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HDL
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high-density lipoprotein; high blood levels are associated with lower incidence of coronary artery disease
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HTN
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hypertension (high blood pressure)
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IABP
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intra-aortic balloon pump; used to support patients in cardiogenic shock.
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ICD
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implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
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LAD
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left anterior descending (coronary artery)
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LDL
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low-density lipoprotein
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LMWH
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low-molecular-weight heparin
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LV
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left ventricle
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LVAD
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left ventricular assist device
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LVH
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left ventricular assist device
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MI
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myocardial infarction
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MR
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mitral regurgitation
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MUGA
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multiple-gated acquisition scan; a radioactive test of heart function
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MVP
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mitral valve prolapse
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NSR
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normal sinus rhythm
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NSTEMI
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non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
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PAC
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premature atrial contraction
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PCI
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percutaneous coronary intervention
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PDA
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patent ductus arteriosus; posterior descending artery
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PVC
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premature ventricular contraction
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RFA
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radiofrequency catheter ablation
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SA, S-A
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sinoatrial
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SCD
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sudden cardiac death
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SOB
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shortness of breath
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SPECT
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single photon emission computed tomography; used for myocardial imagine with sestamibi scans
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SSCP
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substernal chest pain
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STEMI
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ST elevation myocardial infarction
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SVT
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supraventricular tachycardia; rapid heart beats arising from the atria and causing palpitations, SOB, and dizziness
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Tc
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technetium
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TEE
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transesophageal echocardiography
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TGA
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transposition of the great arteries
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tPA
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tissue-type plasminogen activator
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UA
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unstable angina
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VF
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ventricular fibrillation
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VSD
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ventricular septal defect
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VT
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ventricular tachycardia
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WPW
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Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome; an abnormal ECG pattern often associated with paroxysmal tachycardia
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