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34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Asexual reproduction
generates offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent

Sexual reproduction

two parents contribute genetic information to produce unique offspring

Cell division in Prokaryotes

binary fission, genome (chromosome) small and circular, DNA in the cytoplasm

Cell division in Eukaryotes

mitosis and cytokinesis, genome (many chromosomes) large and linear, DNA in nucleus

Describe binary fission in prokaryotes

single chromosome, & the origin, it starts copying the DNA, then you end up with two copies of that chromosome, they pull apart and the cells split into two

What is the G1 phase in the cell cycle?

basicmetabolic energy; think about what it is doing

What is the S phase in the cell cycle?

whenthe cell replicates its DNA; synthesis phase
What is the G2 phase in the cell cycle?
thecell is getting ready for mitosis
What is the M phase in the cell cycle?

mitosis

What is the G0 phase in the cell cycle?
cellsthat are not actively dividing

What is a chromosome?

DNA;23 pairs; packed tightly into a linear structure; proteins

What are homologous chromosomes?

same complementary chromosome

What are sex chromosomes?

chromosomenumber 23, uniquely different from other chromosomes

What is a haploid?

onecopy of every chromosome (1n

What is a diploid?

twocopy of every chromosome (2n)

What are sister chromatids?

have homologous chromosomes and it’s the copy

What is a centromere?

centerof the chromosome that connects and keeps the sister chromatids together

What are autosomes?

the 1-22 chromosomes

What is prophase in Mitosis?

DNA chromosomes condense into linear structures;nucleus starts to break down; centrosomes produce some long microtubules(spindle fibers)

What is prometaphase in Mitosis?

Nucleusis broken down; spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes
What is metaphase in Mitosis?

chromosomesall line up individually into the middle on the metaphase plate, spindle fibersare directing them

What is anaphase in Mitosis?

spindlefibers shorten and pull apart the sister chromatids

What is telophase in Mitosis?
thenucleus reforms and the chromosomes uncondensed (loose DNA)

What happens after mitosis?

Cytokinesis: cells split; Plants formthe cell plate and Animals pinchoff

What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

Meiosis—4 unique daughter cells; 2n to 1n (diploid to haploid);2 cell divisions

What is prophase I in meiosis I?

DNA (chromosomes) condense; spindle fibers start toform, connect to centromeres, and the nucleus breaks down; homologues pair up

What is crossing over in prophase I?

when homologues pair up, parts of the genetic materialcrosses over from one of the sisters to the other sister chromatid
Describe the rest of Meiosis I.
Metaphase I—homologues line up on metaphase plate Anaphase I—pull apart· Telophase I—nucleus reforms
Explain Meiosis II.
Prophase II—nucleus break down, spindle fibers attach MetaphaseII—line up on plate· Anaphase—sister chromatids pull apartTelophaseII—sisters separated into four cells; 23 totalchromosomes

Contrast meiosis in females and males.

males start at puberty and females start before birth and resume at puberty

List chemicals that regulate the cellcycle.
Cyclinand CDK form a complex; regulate the cell cycle=cyclin-CDK complexes
List the events that these chemicalsactivate.
G1 to S—initiate preparing DNA replication S phase—starting replication G2 to M—getting the cell ready for mitosis
List what inactivates these chemicals (whatare the cell cycle checkpoints(?))
1. In G1 if DNA isdamaged2. In G2 if any ofthe DNA has not been copied and will stop mitosis3. In M if thechromosomes are not lined up in the metaphase plate
Why is cancer discussed at the end ofthis chapter?
Constantly dividing regardless of any of these issues(ignore the stop (checkpoints)) Oncogene—cancer causing genes Proto-oncogenes—normal genes important in cell division that have thepotential to become cancerous if mutated Tumorsuppressors—encode proteins whosenormal activities inhibit cell division