Chapter 10 Vocabulary Words Ap Human Geography

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Commodity Chain

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Series of links connecting the many places ofproduction and distribution and resulting ina commodity that is on world market.

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Developing

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Relating to societies in which capital neededto industrialize is in short supply.

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Per Capita GNII

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The Gross National Product of a givencountry divided by its population.

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Formal Economy

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The legal economy that is taxed andmonitored by a government and is includedin a government's Gross National Product; asopposed to an informal economy.

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Informal Economy

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Economic activity that is neither taxed normonitored by a government; and is notincluded in that government's GrossNational Product; as opposed to a formaleconomy.

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Modernization Model

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A model of economic development mostclosely associated with the work of economistWalter Rostow. The modernization model(sometimes referred to as modernizationtheory) maintains that all countries gothrough five interrelated stages ofdevelopment, which culminate in aneconomic state of self-sustained economicgrowth and high levels of massconsumption.

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Context

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Circumstances of a situation; environment.

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Neocolonialism

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A process of acculturation or culturalimperialism through which forms ofindustrial, political and economicorganization are often imposed on othercultures under the guise of getting aid in theform of technological and industrial"progress," but it can still lead to good things,like bringing needed infrastructure.

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Structuralist Theory

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A general term for a model of economicdevelopment that treats economicdisparities among countries or regions as theresult of historically derived power relationswithin the global economic system.

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Dependency Theory

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A model of economic and social developmentthat explains global inequality in terms ofthe historical exploitation of poor nations byrich ones.

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Dollarization

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When a poorer country ties the value of itscurrency to that of a wealthier country, orwhen it abandons its currency and adoptsthe wealthier country's currency as its own.

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World Systems Theory

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Wallerstein's theory of the core, semiperiphery, periphery, and external areas.The core benefited the most from thedevelopment of a capitalist world economy.Semi periphery was the buffer between thecore and periphery. Periphery are states thatlack strong central gov'ts or are controlled byother states. External areas are states thatmaintained their own economic system andfor the most part, remained outside of thecapitalist world economy.

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Three-tier Structure

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With reference to Immanuel Wallerstein'sworld-systems theory, the division of theworld into the core, the periphery, and thesemi-periphery as a means to help explainthe interconnections between places in theglobal economy.

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Millennium Development Goals

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Eight international development goals that192 United Nations member states and atleast 23 international organizations haveagreed to achieve by the year 2015. Theyinclude reducing extreme poverty, reducingchild mortality rates, fighting diseaseepidemics such as AIDS, and developing aglobal partnership for development.

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Trafficking

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When a family sends a child or an adult to alabor recruiter in hopes that the laborrecruiter will send money, and the familymember will earn money to send home.

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StructuralAdjustmentLoans

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Loans granted by international financialinstitutions such as the World Bank and theInternational Monetary Fund to countries inthe periphery and the semi periphery inexchange for certain economic andgovernmental reforms in that country(e.g.privatization of certain government entitiesand opening the country to foreign tradeand investment).

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Neoliberalism

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A strategy for economic development thatcalls for free markets, balanced budgets,privatization, free trade, and minimalgovernment intervention in the economy.

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VectoredDiseases

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A disease carried from one host to anotherby an intermediate host.

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Malaria

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A disease caused by mosquitoes implantingparasites in the blood.

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ExportProcessingZones

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Zones established by many countries in theperiphery and semi-periphery where theyoffer favorable tax, regulatory, and tradearrangements to attract foreign trade andinvestment.

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Maquiladoras

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The term given to zones in northernMexico with factories supplyingmanufactured goods to the U.S. market.The low-wage workers in the primarilyforeign-owned factories assembleimported components and/or rawmaterials and then export finishedgoods.

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Special EconomicZones

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Specific area within a country in whichtax incentives and less stringentenvironmental regulations areimplemented to attract foreign businessand investment.

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North AmericanFree TradeAgreement(NAFTA)

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Agreement signed by the United States,Canada, and Mexico in 1992 to form thelargest free trade zone in the world.

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Desertification

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The gradual transformation of habitableland into desert.

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Island ofDevelopment

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Place built up by a government orcorporation to attract foreign investmentand which has relatively highconcentrations of paying jobs andinfrastructure.

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NongovernmentalOrganizations(NGOs)

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International organizations that operateoutside of the formal political arena butthat are nevertheless influential inspearheading international initiatives onsocial, economic, and environmentalissues.

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Micro-creditProgram

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Program that provides small loans topoor people, especially women, toencourage development of smallbusinesses.

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Birth Rate (BR)

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Number of births per 1,000 people in apopulation in a given year

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Death Rate (DR)

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Number of deaths per 1,000 people in apopulation in a given year

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Primary Activity

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Economic activity concerned with thedirect extraction of natural resourcesfrom the environment, such as mining,agriculture, and fishing

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SecondaryActivity

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The processing of raw materials andtheir transformation into finishedindustrial products, manufacturing

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Tertiary Activity

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Economic activity associated with theprovision of services, such astransportation, banking, retailing,education, and office-based jobs

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QuaternaryActivity

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Service sector industries concerned with thecollection, processing, and manipulation ofinformation and capital. Examples includefinance, administration, and insurance

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HumanDevelopmentIndex (HDI)

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Indicator of level of development for eachcountry, constructed by the United Nations,combining income, literacy, education, andlife expectancy statistics

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GrossNationalIncome (GNI)

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The monetary worth of what is producedwithin a country plus income received frominvestments outside the country.

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GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)

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The market value of all final goods andservices produced within a country in a givenperiod of time.

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GrossNationalProduct(GNP)

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A measure of the total value of the officiallyrecorded goods and services produced bythe citizens and corporations of a country in agiven year.

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LessDevelopedCountry(LDC)

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A country that is at a relatively early stage inthe process of economic development Ex.Zimbabwe

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Per capitaincome (PCI)

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The amount of money earned in one year ina nation by an average person

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Newly-IndustrializedCountry (NIC)

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A subgroup of developing countries thathave experienced rapid industrialization oftheir economies. Ex.- Taiwan, India, Mexico

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PhysicalQuality of LifeIndex (PQLI)

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A composite indicator of developmentcomposed from life expectancy, literacy rate,and infant mortality

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Rate ofNaturalIncrease (RNI)

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The annual rate of population growth

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PurchasingPower Parity(PPP)

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Measurement of what the same amount ofmoney buys in different countries

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MoreDevelopedCountry(MDC)

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A country that has progressed relatively faralong a continuum of development.

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Literacy Rate(LR)

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The percentage of people that can read andwrite in a given population.

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LifeExpectancy(LE)

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A figure indicating how long, on average, aperson may be expected to live.

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InfantMortalityRate (IMR)

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The number of babies that die within the firstyear of their lives in a given population.